Transcript OGT Review - Richmond Heights High School

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Think change from absolutism to a more free government
17th century intellectual movement
Worked to limit power of government and church.
Locke believed job of govt. was to protect the natural rights
of people or be overthrown.
Enlightenment thinkers:
-Locke= Natural Rights
-Montesquieu= Separation of Powers
-Voltaire=Freedom of speech/thought
Enlightenment ideas led to: American Revolution, U.S.
Constitution & Bill of Rights, French Revolution, Latin
American Wars for Independence.
Divine Right= Believe that God puts monarchs on throne
Philosophe= French philosopher
What was one idea that the leaders
of the American Revolution shared
with Enlightenment thinkers?
A. Colonies exist to provide raw
materials and markets for
mother countries.
B. The people have the right to
overthrow their government if it
abuses its powers.
C. Governments may restrict
freedom of speech and of the
press during times of crisis.
D. Factories and businesses should
be owned by the government
rather than by individuals
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The use of primary and secondary sources of information
includes an examination of the credibility of each source.
The use of primary and secondary sources in the study of
history includes an analysis of their credibility – that is,
whether or not they are believable. This is accomplished by
checking sources for:
The qualifications and reputation of the author;
Agreement with other credible sources;
Perspective or bias of the author (including use of
stereotypes);
Accuracy and internal consistency; and
The circumstances in which the author prepared the
source.
Analyze and evaluate the credibility of primary and
secondary sources.
A newspaper prints an article on a
controversial political issue.
This article could be considered
biased if its author
A. formed logical conclusions
based on fact.
B. contacted supporters of only
one side.
C. presented statistical information
on the issue.
D. included information that had
not been published before
Below are two points of view about a local landfill.
From a local citizens group:
“Unless the local landfill is closed down, the health of community
residents will continue to suffer. The cost of finding a new landfill site
is no longer the issue. Far more important are the proven health risks
of toxic waste leakage.”
From a county environmental safety official:
“While there is always some health risk from landfills, the risk from our
local landfill has proven to be very small. However, capacity is
becoming a problem. Whatever the cost, we will need to find a new
landfill site within the next year or the health of our citizens will
become a real concern.”
Which statement about the two points of view presented above is
accurate?
A. The point of view of the county official includes data to support it.
B. The point of view of the citizens group is composed of facts.
C. Both points of view fail to mention their sources of information.
D. Both points of view include support from reliable sources of
information
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Historians are similar to detectives. They
develop theses and use evidence to create
explanations of past events. Rather than a
simple list of events, a thesis provides a
meaningful interpretation of the past by telling
the reader the manner in which historical
evidence is significant in some larger context.
The evidence used by historians may be
generated from artifacts, documents, eyewitness
accounts, historical sites, photographs and
other sources
A local politician believes that allowing graffiti artists
to paint on a designated wall in a city park would
reduce illegal graffiti in other parts of the city.
Which statement would help support this thesis?
A. Many people in the city do not
approve of graffiti.
B. Graffiti has appeared on
buildings in many parts of the
city.
C. Illegal graffiti is not protected
by the right to free speech.
D. Similar programs have reduced
illegal graffiti in other cities.
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When studying a historical event or person
in history, historians analyze cause-andeffect relationships. For example, to
understand the impact of the Great
Depression, an analysis would include its
causes and effects.
An analysis also would include an
examination of the sequence and correlation
of events. How did one event lead to
another? How do they relate to one another?
What was the effect of the passage of Jim Crow
laws in the United States in the late
19th century?
A. Racial segregation was required by law in
southern states.
B. Native Americans were moved onto
reservations.
C. Restrictions were placed on business
monopolies.
D. Women were denied the right to vote in
national elections
How did the U.S. government’s role in the economy change
as a result
of the Great Depression?
A. The federal government had a diminished role in
regulating
economic activity.
B. The federal government maintained the role it had in
economic matters before the Great Depression.
C. The federal government expanded its role in regulating
economic activity and
promoting economic growth
D. The federal government transferred its role in economic
affairs over to the state
governments.
The Declaration of Independence reflects an
application of Enlightenment ideas
to the grievances of British subjects in the
American colonies.
 The Declaration of Independence opens with a
statement that the action the American colonies
were undertaking required an explanation.
 That explanation begins with a brief exposition
of Enlightenment thinking, particularly natural
rights and the social contract, as the context for
examining the recent history of the colonies
Explain a grievance listed in the Declaration of
Independence in terms of its relationship to
Enlightenment ideas of natural rights and the
social contract
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Which fundamental political idea is expressed in
the Declaration of Independence?
A)The government should guarantee every
citizen economic security.
B)The central government and state
governments should have equal power.
C)If the government denies its people certain
basic rights, that government can be
overthrown.
D)Rulers derive their right to govern from God
and are therefore bound to govern in the
nation’s best interest.
In 1789, the French National Assembly issued the
“Declaration of the Rights of Man,” based in part
on the concepts expressed in the U.S.
Declaration of Independence in 1776. Both
documents reflected the Enlightenment belief
that governments exist to protect the natural
rights of citizens. What developments in France
and the United States attempted to assure the
implementation of this concept of government?
A. drafting constitutional protections
B. restoring monarchies across Europe
C. gaining additional territory
D. expanding the slave trade
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The Northwest Ordinance provided the basis for
temporary governance as a territory and
eventual entry into the United States as states
Basic rights of citizenship (e.g., religious liberty,
right to trial by jury, writ of habeas corpus-you
may have the body…brought before a judge to
determine whether or not they are being held
legally) were assured.
These assurances were precursors to the Bill of
Rights to the U.S. Constitution. Slavery was
prohibited in the Northwest Territory.
This provision was later included in the
Constitution as Amendment 13. State
governments were to be republican in structure.
This provision was repeated in the U.S.
Constitution
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was important
because it
A. ensured universal suffrage for all males
B. extended slavery north of the Ohio River
C. provided a process for admission of new
states to the Union
D. established reservations for Native American
Indians
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The framers of the Constitution applied ideas of
Enlightenment in conceiving the new
government.
The national government, under the Articles of
Confederation, faced several critical problems.
Some dealt with the structure of the government
itself.
These problems included weak provisions for
ongoing management of national affairs (a lack
of a separate executive branch), a limited ability
to resolve disputes arising under the Articles (a
lack of a separate judicial branch) and stiff
requirements for passing legislation and
amending the Articles.
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The Constitution of the United States was
drafted using Enlightenment ideas to create a
workable form of government.
The Preamble and the creation of a
representative government reflect the idea of
the social contract. Articles I – III provide for
a separation of powers in government. Article
I also provides some limited protection of
rights.
"We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all
men are created equal; that they are endowed by
their creator with certain unalienable rights; that
among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness; . . ."
This quotation is evidence that some of the
basic ideas in the Declaration of Independence
were
A. limitations of the principles underlying most
European governments of the 1700’s.
B. adaptations of the laws of Spanish colonial
governments in North America.
C. adoptions of rules used by the Holy Roman
Empire.
D. reflections of the philosophies of the
European Enlightenment.
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The Constitution of the United States
represented a significant departure from the
Articles of Confederation. The document
required ratification by nine states for the
national government to be established among
the ratifying states.
Proponents and opponents of the Constitution
attempted to sway the deliberations of the
ratifying conventions in the states. The
proponents became known as Federalists and
the opponents as Anti-Federalists
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New York was a pivotal state in the ratification
process and Federalists prepared a series of
essays published in that state’s newspapers to
convince New York to support the Constitution.
These essays have become known as the
Federalist Papers and they addressed issues
such as the need for national taxation, the
benefits of a strong national defense, the
safeguards in the distribution of powers and the
protection of citizen rights.
What has become known as the Anti-Federalist
Papers is a collection of essays from a variety of
contributors. While not an organized effort as
the Federalist Papers were, the Anti-Federalist
Papers raised issues relating to the threats
posed by national taxation, the use of a
standing army, the amount of national power
versus state power and the inadequate
protection of the people’s rights.
“In framing a government which is to be administered
by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this,
you must first enable the government to control the
governed; and in the next place, oblige it to control
itself.”
This passage from the Federalist Papers refers to
the need for
A. a strong executive
B. a system of checks and balances
C. an independent military
D. a national education system
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1st 10 Amendments to the Constitution
Derived from English law, ideas of the
Enlightenment, the experiences of the American
colonists, early experiences of self-government
and the national debate over the ratification of
the Constitution of the United States.
The Bill of Rights to the Constitution of the
United States is derived from several sources.
These range from the English heritage of the
United States to the debates over the ratification
of the Constitution.
“The most stringent protection of free speech
would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire
in a theater and causing a panic."
-Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes
Which interpretation of the Bill of Rights does
this statement illustrate?
A. The needs of the government are more
important than civil liberties.
B. Constitutional protections of liberty are not
absolute.
C. The Supreme Court can eliminate freedoms
listed in the Bill of Rights.
D. The Bill of Rights does not safeguard
individual liberties.
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Improved technology in agriculture increased output.
Industrial Revolution begins in Great Britain.
Many move from rural areas to cities to find work.
Industrialization results in urbanization-growth of cities
(poor living conditions=slums)
Working conditions in factories: dangerous, long hours,
little pay.
Women and children also worked in factories.
Led to rise of organized labor- Unions (demand better
pay, shorter hours, benefits)
Assembly Line allows for mass production, prices begin
to fall.
Middle Class begins to develop as the standard of living
begins to rise.
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Populism & Progressivism are movements
that develop in response to the poor living &
working conditions.
Populism-Rural
Progressivism-Urban, middle class
Immigration to the United States increases
because of the availability of jobs.
-Received low pay
-Often established own section of
city.
What problem arising from U.S.
industrialization did the progressive
reformers of the late 19th and early 20th
centuries want the federal government to
address?
A. use of child labor in the
workplace
B. unfair taxes on the wealthy
C. restrictions on the use of natural
resources
D. lack of capital for railroad Expansion
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As a result of the changing nature of work,
some members of the working class formed
labor organizations (e.g., American Railway
Union, American Federation of Labor,
Industrial Workers of the World, United Mine
Workers of America) to protect their rights.
They sought to address issues such as working
conditions, wages and terms of employment.
Labor organizations also grew due to the
violence toward supporters of organized labor
(e.g., Great Railroad Strike, Haymarket Riot,
Homestead Strike, Pullman Strike
Why was the formation of labor
unions an effect of U.S. industrialization in the
late 1800s?
A. Unions were needed to guarantee a steady
supply of workers.
B. Union membership was required for
employment in new industries.
C. Factory owners set up labor unions in order to
control their
large workforce.
D. Unions organized industrial workers to protest
unsafe
working conditions and long workdays
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Mass immigration at the turn of the 20th century
made the country more diverse and transformed
American life by filling a demand for workers,
diffusing new traits into the American culture and
impacting the growth of cities.
Many people left their farms for the cities seeking
greater job opportunities.
The Great Migration marked the mass movement of
African Americans who fled the rural South for the
urban North. They sought to escape prejudice and
discrimination and secure better-paying jobs. They
helped transform northern cities economically (e.g.,
as workers and consumers) and culturally (e.g., art,
music, literature).
The early 20th century saw a
significant northward migration of
African-Americans. During the 1920s,
nearly 400,000 African-Americans
settled in New York, Pennsylvania
and Illinois. Many lived in large
cities such as New York,
Philadelphia and Chicago.
Identify two economic effects of this
migration on the United States. Write
your answer in the Answer
Document. (2 points)
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Following Reconstruction, old political and social
structures reemerged and racial discrimination
was institutionalized. The removal of federal
troops from the South accompanied the end of
Reconstruction and helped lead to the
restoration of the Democratic Party’s control of
state governments. With the redemption of the
South, many reforms enacted by Reconstruction
governments were repealed.
Racial discrimination was institutionalized with
the passage of Jim Crow laws. These state laws
and local ordinances included provisions to
require racial segregation, prohibit
miscegenation, limit ballot access and generally
deprive African Americans of civil rights
"Although important strides were made,
Reconstruction failed to provide lasting
guarantees of the civil rights of the
freedmen.” Which evidence best supports this
statement:
A)passage of Jim Crow laws in the latter part
of the 19th century
B)ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th
amendments
C)refusal of Southern States to allow
sharecropping
D)passage of the Civil Rights Acts of 1866
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Urban, middle class reaction
Wanted to address the ills of American
society stemming from industrial capitalism,
urbanization and political corruption.
Industrial capitalism, urbanization and
political corruption contributed to many of
the problems in American society in the late
19th and early 20th centuries.
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Journalists, called muckrakers, exposed political
corruption, corporate and industrial practices, social
injustice and life in urban America.
Progressives introduced reforms to address the ills
associated with industrial capitalism.
Their efforts led to anti-trust suits (e.g., Northern
Securities Company), antitrust legislation (Clayton
Antitrust Act), railroad regulation (Hepburn Act), and
consumer protection legislation (e.g., Pure Food and
Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act).
The Federal Reserve Act was passed to control the
nation’s money supply and regulate the banking
system.
Conservation reforms included the creation of the
U.S. Forest Service, the National Park Service and the
passage of the Newlands Act. Progressives fought
political corruption and introduced reforms to make
the political process more democratic (e.g.,
initiative, referendum, recall, secret ballot, new
types of municipal government, civil service reform,
primary elections).
The United States Federal Reserve System was
established to
A. provide loans to industrialists
B. end the Great Depression
C. provide for a balanced budget
D. regulate the money supply
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The US Federal Reserve is responsible for
setting the interest rates charged on loans
through US banks. Lower interest rates result
in “cheaper money” and a “looser” supply of
money. Higher interest rates result in less
loans being given and translate into a
“tighter” money supply. The Federal Reserve
will lower or raise rates in a continual effort
to avoid inflation.
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With the closing of the western frontier,
Americans developed favorable attitudes toward
foreign expansion.
Pushed along by global competition for markets
and prestige, an expanded navy and a sense of
cultural superiority, the United States engaged
in a series of overseas actions which fostered its
move to global power status.
The annexation of Hawaii followed by a
successful conclusion to the Spanish-American
War allowed the United States to join other
nations in imperialist ventures
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Imperialism: strong nation has political,
economic, & social control over a weaker
nation.
White Man's Burden- Idea that the west must
civilize backward nations.
Colonial Powers force their culture and
political systems on their colonies.
The colony existed to benefit the colonial
power.
Imperialism was fueled by the need for
markets and resources for industrialization.
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U.S. becomes imperialist power after the SpanishAmerican War – U.S. acquired Guam, Puerto Rico, &
Philippines
American businesses fueled acquisition of Hawaii.
President Teddy Roosevelt has “Carry a Big Stick” policyU.S. builds Panama Canal and intervenes in Latin
America.
Results:
- Japan modernizes to protect herself from imperialist
take over
- China is separated into Spheres of Influence. (U.S.
supports Open Door Policy with China.)
-Struggles in African nations directly linked to past
imperialist policies.
One factor that motivated U.S. imperialism
during the late 19th and early 20th
centuries was the
A. development of closer political ties with
European nations.
B. closing of China to all foreign trade.
C. support of international peacekeeping
operations.
D. acquisition of new markets and sources of
raw materials.
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4 MAIN: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism,
Nationalism.
First Modern War: advanced weapons are
used (Submarines, machine guns, tanks,
planes, gas)
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
immediate cause of the war.
Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria.
Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, U.S.
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U.S. involvement:
-initially neutral, sell supplies to both sides.
-German unrestricted submarine war policy-reason for
U.S. entry
-U.S. involvement led to defeat of Central Powers
-Great Migration-many African Americans move North
for jobs in defense plans.
-14 points=President Wilson's plan for a lasting peace
(Not as harsh as Treaty of Versailles)
Treaty of Versailles=Ends WWI, very harsh towards
Germany.
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Results:
League of Nations est. to prevent war
-Fails (no power to prevent aggression,
U.S. doesn't join)
Causes: Russian Revolution, Great
Depression, Rise of Dictators, and WWII
During World War I, conscientious
objectors to military service were often accused of
disloyalty, and
some conscientious objectors were sentenced to
prison. However,
other conscientious objectors were willing to accept
noncombatant service. The assignment of
conscientious
objectors to noncombatant service was an attempt by
the government to
A. promote ethnic diversity within
the military.
B. educate people about their
constitutional rights.
C. balance individual rights and
the common good.
D. encourage people to apply for
conscientious objector status
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War Guilt Clause-Germany solely responsible
for war.
Germany must pay billions in war damages
(reparations)
Severely limits size of German military.
Germany cannot manufacture war materials.
Germany lost all overseas colonies.
Poland became an independent nation.
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The United States pursued efforts to maintain peace
in the world. However, as a result of the national
debate over the Versailles Treaty ratification and the
League of Nations, the United States moved away
from the role of world peacekeeper and limited its
involvement in international affairs.
After WWI, the United States emerged as a world
leader and pursued efforts to maintain peace in the
world. President Wilson’s efforts partially helped
shape the Treaty of Versailles, but debate over its
terms and efforts to avoid foreign entanglements
led to its defeat in the Senate and the United States’
decision not to join the League of Nations.
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U.S. returns to isolationist policy- distraught over
monetary and human cost of WWI
Red Scare= fear of communism
a. result of Communist revolution in Russia
b. restricted immigration to the U.S.
Harlem Renaissance- Glorification of the
accomplishments of African Americans.
a. Music, writers
b. Part of the Civil Rights Movement following
WWI
19th Amendment gave women the right to vote
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Bank Failures
Overproduction
Overspending
Stock Market Crash
FDR’s plan to combat the depression was
called the New Deal.
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Great Migration of African Americans to
northern cities heightened racial tensions there
and led to a series of urban race riots in 1919.
Lynching and the enforcement of Jim Crow
legislation continued in the South during the
post war era. Racial intolerance also was seen in
the revival of the Ku Klux Klan across the United
States
The Russian Revolution set off the Red Scare in
the U.S.-It was a reaction to these perceived
threats and led to the incarceration and
deportation of many aliens
Which was a common factor in the
United States that caused the Red
Scare following World War I and
McCarthyism following World War II?
A. racial tension in major cities
B. signs of economic downturn
C. fear of communist expansion
D. the counterculture movement
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Following World War I, the United States
experienced a period of successful advances in
industry and an economic boom that improved
the standards of living for many Americans.
Technological innovations in communication
included commercial radio broadcasts, talking
motion pictures, and wider circulation of
newspapers and magazines.
Growth of the suburbs, more freedom for youth,
and a growing divide between rich and poor.
Which advance was largely
responsible for the growth of
suburbs in the United States in the first 3 decades
of the 20th century?
A. the development of color
televisions
B. improvements in passenger airplanes
C. widespread availability
of automobiles
D. the invention of the personal
computer
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The Harlem Renaissance was a celebration of
African American culture and contributed to
social change. The themes of African
American art and literature gave pride to
people of African heritage and increased
awareness of the struggles related to
intolerance and life in large urban centers
Great Migration-500k African Americans
move north.
Women’s suffrage-19th Amendment
Prohibition-18th Amendment
Although the 14th Amendment to
the Constitution extended the rights
of citizenship to “all persons” born
or naturalized in the United States,
discrimination on the basis of
gender still existed throughout
much of the country during the late
1800s. Which was a consequence
of this discrimination?
A. the end of the military draft for
women
B. the growth of the women’s
suffrage movement
C. the beginning of sit-ins to
desegregate lunch counters
D. the continuation of efforts to
end university admissions
quotas
The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920’s was a
period when African Americans
A. left the United States in large numbers to
settle in Liberia
B. created noteworthy works of art and
literature
C. migrated to the West in search of land and
jobs
D. used civil disobedience to fight
segregation in the Armed Forces
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The Great Depression was caused, in part, by
the federal government’s monetary policies,
stock market speculation and increasing
consumer debt.
The role of the federal government expanded as
a result of the Great Depression.
One of several factors leading to the Great
Depression in the United States was the
excessive amount of lending by banks.
This fueled speculation and use of credit. The
Federal Reserve attempted to curb these
practices by constricting the money supply.
How did the U.S. government’s role in the
economy change as a result of the Great
Depression?
A. The federal government had a diminished role
in regulating
economic activity.
B. The federal government maintained the role it
had in
economic matters before the Great Depression.
C. The federal government expanded its role in
regulating economic activity and
promoting economic growth.
D. The federal government transferred its role in
economic affairs over to the state
governments.
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The Federal Reserve System, often referred to as
the Federal Reserve or simply "the Fed," is the
central bank of the United States. It was created
by the Congress to provide the nation with a
safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary
and financial system. The Federal Reserve was
created on December 23, 1913, when President
Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act
into law. Today, the Federal Reserve's
responsibilities fall into four general areas.
(next slide)
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Conducting the nation's monetary policy by
influencing money and credit conditions in the
economy in pursuit of full employment and stable
prices.
Supervising and regulating banks and other
important financial institutions to ensure the safety
and soundness of the nation's banking and financial
system and to protect the credit rights of
consumers.
Maintaining the stability of the financial system and
containing systemic risk that may arise in financial
markets.
Providing certain financial services to the U.S.
government, U.S. financial institutions, and foreign
official institutions, and playing a major role in
operating and overseeing the nation's payments
systems.
One way the Federal Reserve System seeks to
influence the U.S. economy is by raising or lowering
the rate of interest (discount rate) that member
banks must pay to borrow money from the Federal
Reserve
• Considering that the inflation rate rose significantly
from 1976 to 1980, identify the change (increase or
decrease) the Federal Reserve System could have
made in the discount rate to reverse that trend.
• Describe the expected impact this change in the
discount rate would have had on:
􀁽 consumer spending
􀁽 business spending
• Explain why this change in the discount rate would
produce the desired effects on spending.
Write your answer in the Answer Document. (4 points)
Exemplar:
In order to counter increasing inflation rates, the Federal Reserve System could
have increased the discount rate(Interest rate). This would have reduced
consumer spending and business spending because higher discount rates
(interest) mean there is less money in circulation.
Other correct responses:
The Federal Reserve System could have increased the discount rate. Consumer
and business spending would have decreased because loans would be more
difficult to obtain (expensive).
Scoring Rubric
4 points if: The response contains the following four elements:
it identifies that the Federal Reserve System could have raised the discount rate;
accurately describes a decrease in consumer spending;
accurately describes a decrease in business spending; and
offers an accurate explanation of these effects related to decreased money
circulation.
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U.S. government attempted to distance the country
from earlier interventionist policies in the Western
Hemisphere as well as retain an isolationist
approach to events in Europe and Asia until the
beginning of WWII.
Following World War I, the United States was
reluctant to become entangled in overseas conflicts
that would lead to another war.
Although it had used the Monroe Doctrine and the
Roosevelt Corollary to justify intervention into Latin
American affairs, the U.S. retreated from these
policies during the1930s with the Good Neighbor
Policy.
The Neutrality Acts of the 1930s were attempts to
isolate the country from the problems erupting in
Asia and Europe.
U.S tries to remain neutral leading up to WWII
In the early 1940’s, the "destroyers-for-militarybases deal" with Great Britain and the LendLease Act were evidence that the United States
A. recognized that its policy of neutrality
conflicted with its self-interest
B. followed its policy of neutrality more strictly
as World War II progressed in Europe
C. believed that the Allied policy of appeasement
would succeed
D. wanted to honor the military commitments it
had made just after World War I
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Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, and Japan
Allied Powers: Great Britain, U.S., Soviet Union
U.S. enters war when Japan attacks U.S. base at
Pearl Harbor. December 7, 1941
Japanese-Americans are forced to live in
internment camps
Women work in factories to help the war effort
African Americans continue to migrate north for
factory jobs.
War ends when U.S. drops two atomic bombs on
Japan.
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The United States mobilization of its economic
and military resources during World War II
brought significant changes to American society.
The federal government reorganized existing
plants to produce goods and services for the
war effort and instituted policies to ration and
redirect resources.
Mobilization caused major impacts on the lives
of Americans
Peacetime Draft, employment opportunities for
women and minorities opened up.
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Millions of refugees- people left homeless
because of war.
Many European colonies receive independence
United Nations established to preserve world
peace
Nation of Israel established (Arab- Israeli
conflict begins)
U.S. and Soviet Union emerge as world’s
“Superpowers”
Atomic bombs begin arms race between U.S.
and Soviet Union
During World War II, JapaneseAmericans were relocated from their
homes on the West Coast of the
United States to internment camps in
the U.S. interior.
This action indicated a widespread
fear that Japanese-Americans were
A. a threat to national security.
B. members of the Communist
Party.
C. competitors for jobs in wartime
factories.
D. immigrating to the United States
in large numbers
World War II brought about changes for
minorities and women because these
conflicts led to:
A. the creation of new job opportunities
B. the passage of the Equal Rights
Amendment
C. a greater number of high-level
management positions
D. greater integration in housing and schools
throughout the nation
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End of WWII U.S. and Soviet Union become
suspicious of each others motives and policies.
a. Compete in arms and space race
U.S. foreign policy based on containment of
communism
Soviet Union controls much of Eastern Europe,
referred to as Iron Curtain or Soviet Bloc
Marshall Plan was U.S. program to rebuild Europe
after WWII
a. Plan rejected by Soviet Union
b. Plan weakened appeal of communism in
Western Europe.
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Korean Conflict helps Truman gain support for
massive U.S. military build-up.
Soviet Union and U.S. disagree over Berlin
a. Berlin Airlift and Berlin Wall
Castro comes to power in Cuba and allies with
the Soviet Union
Cuban Missiles Crisis
a. Soviet Union attempts to install
nuclear missiles in Cuba.
b. War is prevented with the U.S. when
Khrushchev backs down and removes
the missiles.
Vietnam War begins when Communist North
Vietnam invades South Vietnam.
a. U.S. aids South Vietnam because of
the Domino Theory and containment.
During World War II, Japanese
troops occupied much of China. This
weakened the Chinese government,
and in 1949, communist forces
overthrew the government and
established a communist state. What
effect did the Chinese Communist
Revolution have on the development
of the Cold War?
A. It decreased tensions, because
it led to the formation of the
Warsaw Pact.
B. It increased tensions, because it
strengthened the independence
movement in India.
C. It increased tensions, because it
increased Western fears of
communist expansion.
D. It decreased tensions, because
it led to the collapse of
communism in the Soviet Union.
Following World War II, France attempted to reestablish control over its
colony, Indochina, which included Vietnam.
Leaders of the Vietminh, a communistsupported independence movement in Vietnam,
fought against France’s efforts to retake the
colony. The United States viewed this conflict as
part of the Cold War and aided France.
This U.S. action was based on which policy?
A. a policy of opposing colonialism
B. a policy of helping Japan rebuild its economy
C. a policy of containing the spread of
communism
D. a policy of participating in United Nations’
peacekeeping efforts
The Cold War between the United
States and the Soviet Union was
partly the result of the expansion of
the Soviet Union in Central and
Eastern Europe as World War II
ended.
• Describe one U.S. concern about
the Soviet Union’s domination
of Central and Eastern Europe
after 1945.
• Cite a relevant action taken by
the United States in response to
the identified concern.
Write your answer in the Answer
Document. (4 points)
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Jim Crow Laws allow for the legal separation
of races (segregation)
a. upheld by Supreme Court in Plessy v.
Ferguson
Brown v. Board of Education declares
segregation unconstitutional
a. Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson
Civil disobedience: legal form of protest to
bring about government change.
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African Americans, Mexican Americans,
American Indians and women distinguished
themselves in the effort to win World War II.
Following the war, movements began to secure
the same freedoms and opportunities for these
Americans that other Americans enjoyed.
African-American organizations such as the
National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People (NAACP), the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference (SCLC), the Student
Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and
the National Urban League (NUL) struggled for
equal opportunities and to end segregation.
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Mexican Americans organized through the
United Farm Workers of America (UFW) to
improve the conditions of migrant workers.
Indians organized to improve conditions on
reservations, protect land rights and improve
opportunities in education and employment.
They formed groups such as the National
Congress of American Indians (NCAI) and the
American Indian Movement (AIM).
Women made progress toward equal
opportunities through demonstrations, lawsuits
and the National Organization for Woman
(NOW).
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U.S. economy was strong following WWII
Cities suffer financially as middle class moves
to suburbs.
Baby Boomers: large increase in birthrate
following WWII
McCarthyism: Campaign to root at
communism in U.S… (Red Scare)
Technological advancements created more
leisure time for the upper and middle class
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Monarchy
All monarchs gain power through heredity
Types
a. Absolute: monarchs has sole control over
government (Ppl have few or no rights)
b. Constitutional: Power of monarch limited
by constitution and or parliament
Divine Right- Believe that monarch was put on
the throne by God.
Titles- king/queen, emperor/empress,
czar/czarina
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Dictator
Usually comes to power through military
force
Has absolute power
When a dictator is removed from power this
no clear succession.
People have few or no rights.
Oligarchy-like a dictatorship except a small
group rules instead of a single person.
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Democracy
Government by the people
Types
a. Presidential (Direct)- the people directly
vote on all matters.
b. Parliamentary (Representative)- the ppl
elect representatives to make decisions for
them.
Power is limited by the constitution and regular
elections
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Theocracy
No separation between Church and State
Leader is both political and religious leader
Ex. Iran
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Constitution known as the Supreme Law of the
Land.
Only way to change the Constitution is through
the amendment process
The U.S. government can only limit or place
restrictions on your rights if: clear and present
danger, public safety, national security, libel,
slander, and equal opportunity.
a. Schenck v. U.S. established clear and
present danger
The 3 branches of Government (executive,
legislative, and judical) operate on a system of
checks and balances.
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1st- Freedom or press, religion, petition, assembly, and
speech
13th- abolished slavery
14th -Citizenship to everyone born in the U.S. (equal
protection)
15th - Right to vote to all adult males
16th – Government can collect income tax
17th – Direct election of senators (Progressive Reform)
18th –Prohibition
19th- Women Suffrage (voting)
21st –Repealed 18th
24th –Outlaws literacy test and poll taxes as
requirements for voting
26th –lowers voting age to 18
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Plessy v. Ferguson: Declared segregation
legal
Brown v. Board of Education: segregation
illegal
a. overturns Plessy v. Ferguson
Bakke v. CA: allows for affirmative action
Types of Economics:
a. Command: all economic decisions made
by the government.
b. Market: Businesses privately owned
c. Traditional: heredity, traditions
d. Mixed: Combination of privately owned
and government controlled businesses.
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Trade:
A. Definition: buying, selling, and exchanging of goods
within and between countries.
B. Exports: products leaving a country.
C. Imports: products entering a country.
D. Trade Imbalance occurs when a country’s imports and
exports are not equal.
-more imports than exports hurt a country’s
economy.
E. Tariff is a tax placed on imports to protect domestic
products.
F. Embargo/ Blockade: a country refuses to trade with
another country for political or economic reasons.
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Taxes:
A. Government raises money (revenue) by
collecting taxes… 16th amendment.
Congress created the Federal Reserve to
manage the nation’s economy.
A. It sets the interest rate: raise rate to get
people to save, lower the rate to get people
to spend money.
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Region: an area with one or more common
characteristics or features.
A. Geographic Region (Rocky Mountains)
B. Political Region (U.S.A)
C. Cultural Region (Middle East)
D. Economic Region (Corn Belt)
Geographic Regions changes over time as a
result of human activity. Human activities
such as mining & logging will change the
physical geography of an areas.
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Technology has impacted the way humans deal with the
natural geography of an area. Advanced transportation
allows for the settlement in remote areas. Technology
also allows for the diffusion (spreading) of ideas from
one place to another.
Throughout history people have migrated (moved) for
political, social, economic, economic, and environmental
reasons.
Immigration: movement into a country
Emigration: movement out of a country
Globalization: the act, process, or policy of making
something worldwide in scope or application.
Indigenous: native to an area
Interdependence: being mutually dependent.
Topography: graphic representation of the surface of a
place or region on a map.