Transcript Chapter 23 Section 1 & Not in Textbook

Bell Ringer
#1
• Identify the nations in the following alliances:
– Triple Alliance
– Triple Entente
Use Chapter 23 Section 1!
Chapter 23 Section 1
& Not in Textbook
The Road to War
World War I
•
•
•
•
1914-1918
“The Great War”
“The War to End All Wars”
Involved powerful
industrial nations and
weaker unindustrialized
countries
Causes of World War I
• M.A.N.I.A.
•
•
•
•
•
Militarism
Alliances
Nationalism
Imperialism
Assassination
M.A.N.I.A – Militarism
• Aggressive building of an
army
• Preparing for war
• Extensive planning
• Conscription- forcing
civilians to serve in the
military
• Mobilization- getting
troops and supplies ready
for war
M.A.N.I.A – Militarism
After 1900
• Huge increase in size of
European armies
–
–
–
–
Russia- 1.3 million
France- 900,000
Germany- 900,000
250,000-500,000
• Great Britain
• Italy
• Austrian-Hungary
M.A.N.I.A – Alliances
• Agreements between two
countries
• Increased security
1914:
• Triple Alliance: AustriaHungary, Germany, & Italy
• Triple Entente: Russia,
France, & Great Britain
• Led to “world” war
M.A.N.I.A – Nationalism
• Acting in country’s best
interest
• Extreme pride in one’s country
• Self-Determination
– Self-government
– Anti-imperialist
M.A.N.I.A – Imperialism
• Desire to gain more
territory (power!!)
• European nations wanted
Africa and China
• Created rivalries
M.A.N.I.A – Assassination
• Gavrilo Princip (Serbian)
assassinated Archduke Franz
Ferdinand & wife (AustroHungarian)
• Austria-Hungary government
thought Serbian government
planned assassination
M.A.N.I.A – Assassination
• Serbia is located in the
Balkans
20th c. Crisis
• Balkans (1908-1913)
• Alliances had tension
• Europeans wanted their
own national states
Timeline
• June 28, 1914: Assassination
• July 28, 1914: Austria-Hungary declares war on
Serbia
• July 29, 1914: Russia mobilizes to aid Serbia
• August 1, 1914: Germany declares war on Russia
(because Russia is a Serbian ally)
• August 3, 1914: Germany declares war on France
(because France is a Russian ally)
Bell Ringer
• Describe trench warfare.
Use Chapter 23 Section 2!
#2
Chapter 23 Section 2
The War
Summer of 1914
• Schlieffen Plan
– 2 front (areas of fighting) war
– Divided the German army in half
3 Steps:
1. 1st German army would hold Russian
border
2. 2nd German army would rush to France
through Belgium to defeat Paris
3. After France had fallen, the 2 German
armies would work together to defeat
Russia
• Violated Belgium’s neutrality
• FAILED!!!!!!!!!
1914-1915: Western Front
• Schlieffen Plan
• Sept. 6-10, 1914- Germany
was stopped in France at
the First Battle of the
Marne
– French loaded two thousand
Parisian taxicabs with troops
– Sent them to the front line
1914-1915: Western Front
First Battle of the Marne
– Stalemate (tie)
– Neither France nor Germany could
advance
– Had to dig for shelter
• Trench Warfare- fighting from
ditches protected by barbed wire
– Stretched from English Channel to
Switzerland
– Huge loss of life
– Terrible conditions
1914-1915: Eastern Front
•
•
•
Mobile (moved)
Huge loss of life
Sept. 15, 1914Battle of Masurian Lakes
•
•
Germany defeated Russia
Russia defeated A-H
•
Freed Serbia
1914-1915: Eastern Front
• Italy betrayed Triple
Alliance
– May 1915- Attacked A-H
– Joined France, G.B., Russia
• Germany and A-H defeated
Russia
– 2.5 million killed, captured,
or wounded
1914-1915
• Italy, France, Great Britain,
Russia = Allied Powers
• Russia was almost out of the
war
• Ottoman Empire joined
Germany and AustriaHungary = Central Powers
• Both sides now could
concentrate on the Western
Front
Western v. Eastern Fronts
Western Front
•
•
Stalemate- Kept both sides
in the same place for 4
years
Trench warfare- fighting
from ditches
Eastern Front
•
•
•
•
•
War was more mobile
Russia was driven out of
Germany
Russia defeated AustriaHungary
Serbia became free
Italy broke alliance and
attacked AH
Bell Ringer
• What is Total War?
Use Chapter 23 Section 2!
#3
Chapter 23 Section 2
The War
Continued
1916-1917
Trench Warfare:
• Trenches didn’t allow
advancement
• War of Attrition- each side
tried to wear down the
other
– Heavy attacks
– Huge loss of life
1916-1917
War in the Air
• 1st airplanes
– Spotted enemy positions
– Attacked ground targets
• Machine gun would be
later mounted for air
combat
• Germans used Zeppelins– Giant hydrogen filled
airships/exploded when hit
1916-1917
• Both sides wanted new
allies
Middle East
• Lawrence of Arabia– 1917-18
– Arab princes revolted
against Ottoman Empire
– Won with British
Great Britain
• Australia, India, New
Zealand
Japan
• Seized German islands
1916-1917: United States
• U.S.= Neutral
• British set up naval
blockades
– Prevented Germany from
getting supplies by sea
• Unrestricted submarine
warfare
– German subs sank military
and civilian ships
1916-1917: United States
• May 7,1915- Germans sank
the British ship Lusitania
– Killing 1100 civilians
– 100 Americans
– American government protested
• January 1917-Zimmerman
Telegram
– Germany to Mexico
– Intercepted by British
– Encouraged Mexico to declare
war on U.S.
• April 1917- US declared war on
Germany
– Sent money and supplies
– Troops arrived in 1918
1918: War at Home (US)
• Total War- complete
mobilization of resources and
people
– Affected all civilians
• Governments set up draftsIncrease troops
• Planned Economies
– Econ Controls, Food Rations,
Imports/Exports
• Pres. Woodrow Wilsoneveryone is apart of the effort
1918: War at Home (US)
• Propaganda- Ideas spread
to influence public opinion
(for or against)
• Stirred up national hatred
• Every country was faced
with fleeting support
• Increased propaganda and
used guilt to build support
• Exaggerated acts of
enemies
• Censorship- Newspapers,
radio
1918: War at Home (US)
New roles for women
– Chimney Sweeps, Truck
Drivers, Farm Laborers,
Factory Workers
• Women took over men’s
jobs
– Temporary (Ended after War)
• Women's Suffrage (right to
vote)
– U.S., Germany, Austria, G.B.
Bell Ringer
• What are reparations?
Use Chapter 23 Section 4!
#4
Chapter 23 Section 4
End of the War
1917-1918
• Russia dropped out of the
war due to their revolution
– Ended the Eastern Front
• United States joined the
war
– Psychological boost for
Allied Powers
1918
• March– Germany launched a major
attack
– Headed towards Paris
• July 18– 2nd Battle of the Marne
– French, Moroccan, and
American troops stopped
the Germans
• September 29– Germany knew the war had
been lost
End of the War
• November 11, 1918
– Armistice- a truce agreement
to end the fighting during war
• Magic 11
– 11th hour of the
– 11th day of the
– 11th month
(11am Nov. 11, 1918)
Peace Settlement
• “Big Four”
– US, GB, France, Italy
– Woodrow Wilson- United
States
– David Lloyd George- Great
Britain
– Georges ClemenceauFrance
• Russia and Germany were
not invited
Peace Settlement
• January 1919
– 27 Allied nations met in Paris
• President Wilson’s Plan
– Fourteen Points
•
•
•
•
Open diplomacy
Disarmament
Self-determination
League of Nations
Peace Settlement
• League of Nations
– Jan. 25, 1919
– Prevent War
• Reparations
– Monetary payments from
Germany to France and GB
• Neutral Zone
– Between Germany and
France
Treaty of Versailles
• June 28, 1919
• War Guilt Clause
– Germany was responsible for
starting the war
• Reparations to Allies
• Demilitarization
– Germany lost all weapons
• Land returned to France by
Germany
New Map of Europe
• Eastern European lines
were redrawn
• Ethnic groups were divided
• Mandates– nation governed by another
nation on behalf of the
League of Nations
– GB  Iraq and Palestine
– France  Lebanon and Syria
Bell Ringer
#5
• What new form of government did Karl Marx
and Friedrich Engels create?
• Who was the last tsar of Russia?
Use page 618 and Ch. 23 Sec. 3!
Chapter 23 Section 3
& Not in Textbook
Communism and The Russian
Revolution
Communism v. Fascism
Communist
Fascist
• Total state control
• Modern lifestyle
• Total state control
• Traditional lifestyle
Compared to…
Liberal/Democrat
• Modern/progressive lifestyle
• Less control by state
Conservative/Republican
• Traditional lifestyle
• Limited role of state
One thing separates a conservative from a fascist and a liberal from a
communist – FREEDOM.
Political Spectrum
Beginning of Communism
• 1848
• Karl Marx & Friedrich Engles
• Poor working conditions were
blamed on capitalism
• Capitalism- pursuit of wealth;
private individuals or corporations
own the means of production
• New social system = Communism
– Using the government to prevent
oppression from capitalism
Beginning of Communism
• Bourgeoisie (capitalist oppressors)
vs.
Proletariat (working-class oppressed)
• Growing hostility between the two
groups
“From each according to his ability, to
each according to his needs.”
-Karl Marx
Last Tsar of Russia
• Early 1800s
– Russians were inspired by
democratic movements in Europe
• 1825
– Tsar Alexander I dies
• No legitimate children
– Options: (Alexander’s Brothers)
1. Constantine- Married outside of his
social class
2. Nicholas I- Obtained the crown due
to his brother’s breaking of the social
class
Last Tsar of Russia
• Nicholas II
– Married to Alexandra (German)
– 4 Daughters and 1 son
• Alexander was born with Hemophilia
• Personality–
–
–
–
mild mannered
lacked personality
viewed as weak
avoided direct involvement with
the Russian people
– Ordered security to “get rid” of
problems
Last Tsar of Russia
• Bloody Sunday
– January 9, 1905
– 100,000+ people
– Peacefully marched through the center of St. Petersburg
– Assembled in front of Tsar Nicholas’ winter palace
– Singing “God Save the Tsar”
– Nicholas was not home
Last Tsar of Russia
• (Bloody Sunday Continued)
– Petition from workers to Tsar
•
•
•
•
Shorter workdays
Minimum wage
Constituent assembly
Constitution
– Constituent- a person who
authorizes another to act in
his/her behalf
– Palace guards fired upon the
crowd
• Killed 100s, injured 1,000s
• Broke the bond between Tsar and
the people
Bell Ringer
#6
• How did Grigori Rasputin gain influence over
the Romanov family?
Use Chapter 23 Section 3!
The Russian Revolution
Continued
Russian Revolution Begins
• Grigori Rasputin manipulated
his way into the lives of
Nicholas and Alexandra
– Peasant
– Self-proclaimed faith-healer
– Holy man
– Prophetical powers
• Claimed he could find a cure
for Alexander’s hemophilia
A cartoon of Rasputin
with the Tsar &
Tsarina, supposedly
drawn in 1916.
Words in Russian
mean 'the Russian
Royal Family‘.
Russian Revolution Begins
• 1st Constitution- 1917
– Granted by Tsar Nicholas
• Constitution acknowledged:
– Working class as the ruling class
– Basic rights of workers and peasants
• A Duma, parliament, was created
Russian Revolution Begins
• Nicholas II
– Continuous disasters, scandals, and
military and political failures
• Rasputin
– Alcoholism and sexual scandals
– Rasputin’s death1.
2.
3.
4.
Poisoned with enough cyanide to kill
5 men (lived)
Shot 4 times (lived)
Beaten with clubs (lived)
Drowned (died)
– Later:
1.
2.
Buried (dug up)
Burned (said to have sat up in the
fire)
The February Revolutions- 1917
• Series of violent demonstrations and riots in St.
Petersburg
• Feb. 22- Tsar was away visiting WWI troops
• Feb. 23- International Women’s Day- women
protested the war and food shortages
• Feb. 24- Massive strikes and demonstrations
throughout capital
The February Revolutions- 1917
• Feb. 25- Tsar Nicolas
demands troops end the riots
– Some troops open fire on
protestors
– Some troops supported the
protestors
• Feb. 27- 80,000 troops
mutiny and joined the
protestors
• Mar. 2- Tsar Nicholas
abdicates the throne
– Temporary government is
created by the Duma
Murder of the Romanovs
• July 17, 1918– Tsar Nicolas
– Alexandra
– 4 daughters
– Son
– Family dog
– Servants
• All murdered after being
held in captivity over 9
months
Bell Ringer
#7
• Who was Vladimir Lenin?
• What was his role in the Russian Revolution?
Use Chapter 23 Section 3!
The Russian Revolution
Continued
Rise of the Bolsheviks
• Vladimir Lenin
– Founded the Bolshevik Party
• Radical political party
• Emphasized the working class
– Organized the October Revolution
– First leader of the Soviet Union
– Exiled to Switzerland during the February
Revolution
– Most historians believe the German
government facilitated Lenin’s return to
destabilize Russia
– Evidence shows that Germany contributed an
unknown amount of money to the Bolshevik
party
Rise of the Bolsheviks
• October Revolution or “Bolshevik
Revolution”
– Overturned the Provisional
Government and its leader,
Alexander Kerensky
– Established the Soviet Union
– Took only 6 months to take over
– Bolsheviks declared themselves a
dictatorship
– Renamed themselves the
Communists
Rise of the Bolsheviks
• Alexander Kerensky was not a
strong leader
• The Provisional Government
was disorganized
• Bolsheviks were very
organized
• Composed of professional
revolutionaries
• Dedicated to their goals and
capable of carrying them out
Rise of the Bolsheviks
• Lenin gains power over
Russia
– Proposed• Immediately end to WWI
• Distribution of all land to
peasants
• Current landowners would
not be paid for the land taken
from them
Birth of the Soviet Union
• Star- Communist Party
• Hammer- Working class
• Sickle- Agricultural
workers
• Red- positive color in
Russian tradition
(later will represent
communism)
Birth of the Soviet Union
• Bolsheviks used military power
to force the country to comply
with their vision
• The Red Army suppressed
insurrections throughout Russia
• The Cheka (Secret Police)
formed to enforce compliance
with Bolshevik rule
Bell Ringer
#8
• What event led to the Red Scare during the
1920s in the United States?
Use your brain!!
The Red Scare
Not in Textbook
The Red Scare
• Fear of Communism in the US
• Based on nativism
– Prejudice against foreign-born
people
• US Communist Party forms
– Some industrial workers join
• Bombs mailed to government
and businesses
– People fear Red conspiracy
• Attorney General A. Mitchell
Palmer takes action
The Red Scare
• The Palmer Raids
– Attorney General hunts
down Communists,
socialists, and anarchists
– Anarchists- opposed any
form of government
– Raids trample civil rights
and fail to find evidence of
conspiracy
The Red Scare
• Sacco and Vanzetti Trial
– Red Scare feeds fear of foreigners, ruins reputations, and
wrecks lives
– 1920, Sacco and Vanzetti are arrested
• Italian immigrants; Anarchists
– Charged with robbery and murder
– Trial does not prove guilt
– Jury find them guilty
• Executed in 1927
Limiting Immigration
• Anti-Immigrant Attitudes
– Nativists: fewer unskilled jobs available so fewer
immigrants are needed
– Think immigrant anarchists and socialists are Communist
Limiting Immigration
• The Klan Rises Again
– Bigots use anticommunism to harass
groups unlike themselves
– KKK oppose blacks,
Catholics, Jews,
immigrants, unions,
communists, and saloons
• 1924- 4.5 million members
– Klan controls many states’
politics
Limiting Immigration
• The Quota System
– 1919-1921- number of
immigrants grows almost 600%
– Quota System- set maximum
number that can enter the US
from each country
– Discriminates against southern
and eastern Europeans
– Prohibits Japanese immigration
– Does not apply to Western
Hemisphere
Bell Ringer
#9
• Turn in Study Guide (if completed).
• Turn in Bell Ringers (you should have 8).
• Have extra credit out (make sure your name is
on it/them).