Transcript 10th American History Unit III

th
10 American
History
Unit VI – Looking
Toward the Future
Chapter 21 – A Search for Order
Section 1 – The Nixon Years
7/17/2015
The Nixon Years
The Main Idea
Beyond the ongoing turmoil of the Vietnam War, the Nixon
administration did enjoy some notable success.
Reading Focus
• What were the key features of Nixon’s politics and domestic
policies?
• How did Nixon carry out his foreign policies with regard to China
and the Soviet Union?
• How did trouble in the Middle East affect the Nixon
administration?
• What were some of the major social and cultural events at home
in the Nixon years?
7/17/2015
When Elvis met Nixon
http://www.history.com/videos/as-ithappened-nixon-resignation-august9-1974#when-elivis-met-nixon
7/17/2015
Key Features of Nixon’s Politics
and Domestic Policies
Nixon the Conservative
Believed the federal government was
too large
Enacted “southern strategy” to
appeal to former segregationists
Firm stand against crime and drug
use
7/17/2015
Key Features of Nixon’s Politics
and Domestic Policies
Nixon the Liberal
Increased funding for programs such as
food stamps and increased Social
Security payments
Took special interest in environmental
issues
Created a new organization to prevent
work-related injuries and deaths
Advanced affirmative action
7/17/2015
Nixon’s Politics and Domestic Policies
New Federalism
• Thought federal
government was
too large
• Solution was
called the New
Federalism
• Key feature was
the concept of
revenue sharing
• Believed that
local
governments
could spend
taxpayers money
more effectively
7/17/2015
Southern Strategy
Drugs and Crime
• Nixon wanted to
expand his
support in the
Democratic south
• Opposed federal
court rulings that
put limits on the
power of the
police.
• Tried to weaken
the 1965 Voting
Rights Act
• Urged a slowdown
in forced
integration
• Opposed busing
• Wanted local
governments to
take action
themselves
• Sought to name
conservative
judges to federal
courts
• Filled four
openings on the
Supreme Court
(2 of his
nominees were
rejected)
Nixon’s Politics and Domestic Policies
Environmentalism
Other Policies
 Environmental concerns
had been growing.
 Signed the Occupational
Safety and Health Act
 Rachel Carson’s Silent
Spring
 Act created the
Occupational Health and
Safety Administration
(OSHA) to prevent workrelated death and injuries
 Massive Earth Day
demonstrations in 1970
 Signed the Clean Air Act
 Act sought to regulate levels
of air pollution created by
factories and other sources.
 Advanced affirmative action
by setting specific hiring
goals and timetables for
overcoming discrimination
 Worked to establish the
Environmental Protection
Agency
 Extended affirmative action
programs to the hiring of
women
7/17/2015
Nixon’s Politics and Domestic Policies
 What were the key features of Nixon’s
politics and domestic policies?
 Describe – What conservative ideas did
Nixon promote?
 Analyze – How did Nixon lose the
support of African Americans?
 Draw Conclusions – What impact did
President Nixon have on the Supreme
Court?
7/17/2015
Nixon’s Politics and Domestic Policies
Identify – What was the purpose of
the Clean Air Act?
Summarize – What programs or
legislation did Nixon promote to
help the poor and working-class
Americans?
Evaluate – After reviewing
legislation supported by President
Nixon, do you think he was a true
conservative?
7/17/2015
Nixon’s Foreign Policies with China
and the Soviet Union
 Nixon had great success with his foreign policy issues.
 Henry Kissinger was Nixon’s national security advisor and
later secretary of state.
 Kissinger shaped much of Nixon’s foreign policy.
 Kissinger believed in the notion of realpolitik—or basing
foreign policies on realistic views of national interest
rather than on broad rules or principles.
 Nixon took steps to ease tensions with Cold War
enemies—a policy called détente.
 The goal of détente was to build a more stable world in
which the United States and its adversaries accepted one
another’s place.
7/17/2015
Kissinger and Realpolitik
Kissinger believed the United States should consider each
foreign-policy conflict or question from the standpoint of
what is best for America.
The government should not be bound by promises to
fight communism or promote freedom wherever it is
threatened.
Kissinger’s realpolitik marked a significant change from
earlier policies such as containment.
7/17/2015
Nixon visits China
7/17/2015
Nixon Reaches Out (03:42)
7/17/2015
Nixon’s Foreign Policies
The Soviet Union
China
 In 1969 Nixon began talks with
the Soviet Union in order to
slow the arms race.
 Nixon wanted to improve
relations with the Communist
People’s Republic of China.
 Known as the Strategic Arms
Limitations Talks (SALT)
 Believed that friendlier
relations with China would
force a more cooperative
relationship with the Soviet
Union (China’s rival).
 Both nations had increased
their number of weapons and
made innovations in weapons
technology (Ex. antiballistic
missiles, or ABMs).
 In 1972 Nixon and Leonid
Brezhnev agreed to an ABM
treaty.
 Following this round of talks
(now called SALT I),
negotiations began on a
second round of discussions.
7/17/2015
 His efforts were done secretly
 Nixon surprised Americans by
visiting China in 1972 where he
met with Chinese leaders and
Mao Zedong.
 They agreed to disagree about
Taiwan.
Nixon visits China- Feb. 21, 1972
China was a world leader
For 22 years the U.S. did not recognize China
Nixon would support China’s entry into U.N.
Ping Pong Diplomacy- Nixon to be first U.S. President to visit China
Détente- bring normal relation between two countries.
Nixon signs the Shanghai Joint Communique declaring that there is but one
China and that Taiwan is part of China.
7/17/2015
The Moscow Summit: Nixon is Reelected to Finish the War (03:17)
7/17/2015
Nixon Visits U.S.S.R.
7/17/2015
Nixon Visits U.S.S.R.
China and U.S.S.R. are bitter rivals.
U.S. needs to balance its relationship with the two.
Nixon goes to Russia for summit meeting with Soviet
Leader Leonid Brezhnev.
Agreements on space, health and science
SALT- Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty- may 26, 1972
to slow down the dangerous and expensive nuclear
arms race.
Détente- successful in easing tensions and reducing risks
of war with Communist powers.
7/17/2015
Kissinger on Détente with the Soviet Union
In a speech given to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, on
Sept. 19. 1974.
“Since the dawn of the nuclear age the world’s fears of holocaust
and its hope for peace have turned on the relationship between
the United States and the Soviet Union.”
Kissinger gives the following reasons for tension between the U.S. and the
U.S.S.R. (Differences in philosophy and interests)
–
–
–
–
Rooted in History and the way the two countries developed
Conflicting values and opposing ideologies
Diverging national interests that produce political and military competition
Influenced by allies and friends whose friendship and interests we will not sacrifice.
Kissinger recommends the following in dealing with these differences.
–
–
–
–
7/17/2015
Both countries must recognize that neither can impose its will on the other without
running a risk of destruction.
Both must balance competition with the need for coexistence.
No international peace without a good relationship between the two
Both countries must use restrain themselves and use their enormous power to benefit
mankind
Nixon’s Foreign Policies
How did Nixon carry out his foreign
policies with regard to China and
the Soviet Union?
Explain – What was Detente?
Summarize – What was realpolitik?
Elaborate – Why did Nixon want to
improve relations with China?
7/17/2015
History of Arab/Israeli conflict
 Judea- home of the Jews in ancient times, was conquered by the Romans and renamed
Palestine.
 Palestine- conquered and ruled by Arabs for over a thousand years.
 The Zionist movement- to restore the Jews to Israel, ignoring the existing Arab population.
 1917- Palestine was granted to Britain as a League of Nations mandate to build a national
home for the Jewish people.
 Arabs resented the Jews coming in to take their land. they rioted repeatedly and later
revolted creating a history of hatred. British stopped Jewish immigration

After the Holocaust- increased Jewish immigration to Palestine.
 1947-UN partitioned the land into Arab and Jewish states.

Arabs did not accept the partition and war broke out.

Jews won the war and expanded their state several hundred thousand Palestinian refugees.

The Arab states refused to recognize Israel or make peace with it.
 Wars broke out in 1956, 1967, 1973 and 1982, and there were many terror raids and Israeli
reprisals.

Each side believes different versions of the same history. Each side views the conflict as
wholly the fault of the other and expects an apology
7/17/2015
Problems in the Middle East
1970’s
 Religious conflicts between- Muslims, Christian, and
Jews.
 No Arab state had yet recognized Isreal’s right to exist as
a country. Terrorism
 What about the Palestinian Question?
 PLO- Palestinian Liberation Organization. Terrorism
against Israel.
7/17/2015
Trouble in the Middle East
 1967 Six-Day War
– resulted in Israel occupying territory that had belonged to the
nations of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan
– The United Nations passed a resolution that called for Israel to
withdraw from these lands and for the Arab states to recognize
Israel’s right to exist
 1973 Yom Kippur War
– Egypt and Syria attacked Israel, and the fighting affected the
United States.
• Threat of Soviet involvement could turn conflict into a
superpower confrontation
• Imposition of an oil embargo
7/17/2015
Kissinger & the Middle East (02:22)
7/17/2015
War in the Middle East
7/17/2015
War in the Middle East
Yom Kippur War- Oct. 6, 1973- lasted three weeks.
Holiest day of the Jewish year.
Egypt and Syria launched a coordinated surprise assault against Israel,
with the Egyptian army crossing the Suez Canal and Syrian troops
penetrating the Golan Heights.
The goal was to win back territory lost to the Israelis in 1947 and 1956
During the next three weeks, the Israel Defense Forces turned the tide of
battle and repulsed the attackers, crossing the Suez Canal into Egypt
and advancing to within 20 miles (32 km.) of the Syrian capital,
Damascus.
Oct. 12, 1973- Nixon gives aid to Israelis to fight the war. Helicopters,
howitzers, and tanks.
Arabs got supplies from Russia.
The total cost off the war was estimated to US$7 billion on both Israeli and
Egyptian side, but much of the operations on Arab side were financed
by Saudi Arabia.
7/17/2015
7/17/2015
Trouble in the Middle East
Oil Embargo
 Several Arab nations imposed
an oil embargo in reaction to
the Yom Kippur War.
 They agreed not to ship oil to
the United States and certain
other countries who supported
Israel.
 The Arab countries were a part
of OPEC (the Organization of
Petroleum Exporting
Countries).
 The United States was
dependent on foreign sources
for one third of its oil needs.
 The embargo caused serious
problems throughout the U.S.
economy.
7/17/2015
Shuttle Diplomacy
 Henry Kissinger tried to solve
the crisis in the Middle East.
 He was unable to get all the
parties to meet together to talk
about solutions.
 Started what came to be called
shuttle diplomacy
 Kissinger traveled—shuttled—
from group to group trying to
work out separate agreements.
 Eventually the fighting ended
and the oil embargo was lifted.
7/17/2015
Arab Oil
Embargo1973-1974
7/17/2015
Arab Oil Embargo- 1973-1974
 OPEC- Organization of Oil Exporting Countries (Many Arab nations)
 OPEC- declares all oil exports suspended to all nations considered to
have helped Israel in the 1973 October war.
 The Arab oil embargo soon causes major shortages in the U.S. and
Britain and gas rationing produces many long car jams at filling
stations.
 Saudi Arabia advocated only moderate price hikes but in the meantime
the cost of crude oil rose 400% in the next year.
 The immediate results of the Oil Crisis were dramatic. Prices of gasoline
quadrupled, rising from just 25 cents to over a dollar in just a few
months
7/17/2015
Henry Kissinger and Foreign
Affairs
Henry Alfred Kissinger was the 56th Secretary of State of the United States from
1973 to 1977
Dr. Kissinger was born in Fuerth, Germany, on May 27, 1923, came to the United
States in 1938, and was naturalized a United States citizen on June 19, 1943. He
received the BA Degree Summa Cum Laude at Harvard College in 1950 and the
MA and PhD Degrees at Harvard University in 1952 and 1954 respectively.
Kissinger played a dominant role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and
1977
Kissinger and North Vietnamese foreign minister Le Duc Tho were jointly offered
the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for their roles in negotiating a ceasefire and U.S.
withdrawal from the protracted Vietnam War.
Kissinger pioneered the policy of détente with the Soviet Union, seeking a
relaxation in tensions between the two superpowers.
7/17/2015
Middle East
1975
 UN authorized cease fire resolution.
 Kissinger- Shuttle diplomacy- shuttling between the two
sides to enable them to communicate and reach an
agreement.
 Egypt and Israel renounced force to settle disputes.
They both moved back and created a large buffer zone.
 U.S. troops stationed in zone to monitor movement.
7/17/2015
Trouble in the Middle East
 How did trouble in the Middle East affect the
Nixon administration?
 Identify – What was OPEC and why is it
important to the U.S.?
 Identify Cause and Effect – Why did some Arab
nations refuse to send oil to the United States
following the Yom Kippur War?
 Evaluate – The oil embargo following the Yom
Kippur War created severe problems in the U.S.
economy. What do you think would happen to
the U.S. economy today if Arab nations began
an oil embargo?
7/17/2015
7/17/2015
The Man on the Moon (02:57)
7/17/2015
Troubled Economy
 Voyage to the Moon- Apollo
11
– Televised- Hundreds of millions of
viewers
– 3 Astronauts- Armstrong, Aldrin and
Collins.
– Lunar Module- the “Eagle”
– The Eagle has landed on Tranquility
base. July 20, 1969
– 6 and 1/2 hours on the Moon.
– Costs- three astronauts killed in a
fire on earth and between $25-$35
Billion dollars.
– Benefits- Priceless
7/17/2015
Major Social and Cultural Events during the Nixon
Years
 On July 16, 1969 the Apollo 11 successfully lifted off
from the Kennedy Space Center.
 Three astronauts were on board—Neil Armstrong,
Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin, and Michael Collins.
NASA
 On July 20 Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk
on the moon.
Inflation
and
Price
Controls
 Nixon was worried about the high rates of inflation
and unemployment.
 He announced a 90-day freeze of wages and prices in
order to stop inflation from rising.
 The wage and price controls did work temporarily.
7/17/2015
Troubled Economy
 Inflation and Stagflation
 Nixon Promised to balance the
Budget ($200 Billion) and produce
a surplus.
 Tax Reform Act- 1969 ended the
Johnson income tax surcharge.
 Vietnam costs rising.
 1969-1970- Nixon proposed
wage-price guidelines to slow
down prices.
 Congress created EPA.
 Arab oil embargo caused oil
prices to jump in 1973.
 Baby boomers in job market- glut.
7/17/2015
Troubled Economy
 Aug. 15, 1971- Nixon announced a 90
price freeze after prices went up 14.5%
(first mandatory wage-price control in
peace time.)
 Took the country off the gold standard.
This would end the gold drain to
foreign countries turning U.S. dollars in
for U.S. gold.
 10% surcharge on foreign imports.
Trying to promote sale of U.S. goods
abroad and discourage Americans
from buying foreign products- Japan +
W. Germany.
 The Economy began to thrive
 Inflation fell to 3.5%
 Unemployment dropped
7/17/2015
Troubled Economy
 Winding down the Vietnam War- Costs
Economic Costs
 The war cost the United States more than $140 billion.
 In Vietnam, the last sustained war the nation fought, the United
States spent $111 billion during the eight years of the war, from
1964 to 1972. Adjusted for inflation, that's more than $494 billion,
an average of $61.8 billion per year, or $5.15 billion per month. (The
Pentagon is spending nearly $5 billion per month in Iraq and Afghanistan, a pace that
would bring yearly costs to almost $60 billion)
Human Costs:
 There were 540,000 American troops in Vietnam sent by
Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, more than 325 men being held
prisoners of war, and America was sharply divided over our
purpose and our presence in Vietnam.
7/17/2015
 The war left 58,000 American soldiers dead and more than 300,000
wounded. Numerous American soldiers also returned home with
crippling and long-lasting psychological wounds.
Major Events at Home
 What were some of the major social and
cultural events at home in the Nixon
years?
 identify – Who was Neal Armstrong and
Buzz Aldrin?
 Make Inferences – What is the
significance of the United States begin
the first to send astronauts to the moon?
 Draw Conclusions – Why were American
achievements in space a mixed victory?
7/17/2015
Major Events at Home
Draw Conclusions – Which
President gets the most credit for
the first successful lunar space
flight and why?
Summarize – What was the
economic climate at the end of
Nixon’s first term?
7/17/2015