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TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Unit 6: The Cold War
• This unit will cover the 1950s to the 1990s. We will
break up this unit by decades and chapters.
• Chapters 18, 19, 21, & 22.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Curriculum Standards
The Cold War
• Analyze the effects of the (second) Red Scare on domestic United States
policy.
• Describe the rationale for the formation of the United Nations, including the
contribution of Mary McLeod Bethune.
1950’s
• Examine the causes, course, and consequences of the early years of the
Cold War (Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO, Warsaw Pact).
• Examine the controversy surrounding the proliferation of nuclear technology
in the United States and the world.
• Examine the causes, course, and consequences of the Korean War.
• Analyze significant foreign policy events during the Truman, Eisenhower,
Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon administrations.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Start of the Cold War (Chapter 18)
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did U.S. leaders respond to the
threat of Soviet expansion in Europe?
World War II convinced U.S. leaders that the
policies of isolationism and appeasement had
been mistakes.
To counter the growing Soviet threat, U.S. leaders
sought new ways to keep the United States safe
and protect its interests abroad.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Despite their alliance during World War II, the
United States and the Soviet Union had little in
common.
The United States
was a capitalist
democracy. The
American people
valued freedom and
individual rights.
The Soviet Union was a
dictatorship. Stalin and
the Communist Party
wielded total control
over the lives of the
Soviet people.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
These differences were apparent as the Allies made
decisions about the future of postwar Europe.
Postwar Goals
U.S. and Britain
U.S.S.R.
Strong, united Germany
Weak, divided Germany
Independence for nations
of Eastern Europe
Maintain Soviet control
of Eastern Europe
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Chapter 18, Section 1: The Cold War Begins (Page 590-96)
A – Roots of the Cold War
Question: How did the goals of U.S. and Soviet foreign policy differ after
World War II?
B – Meeting the Soviet Challenge
Question: What events caused President Truman to propose what
became known as the Truman Doctrine?
C – Containing Soviet Expansion
Question: Why did George Kennan think that containment would work
against Soviet Expansion?
D– The Cold War Heats Up
Question: How did the United States and its allies apply the containment
policy in Europe?
First, read your section in your group (A-D) & take about 3 to 4
main points (detailed) summarizing your section and answer your
focus question (15 mins).
Then, your teams will change (1-4), each member gets a few
minutes to explain their section of the text to their new members
while the others take notes (15 mins). There will be an exit
ticket containing questions from each section of the text.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Focus Question Answers:
A. The Soviet Union sought to increase its influence and
extend communism. The U.S. wanted to limit communism
and rebuild the defeated nations in Europe.
B. The Greek and Turkish governments were trying to keep
communists from taking over. Truman wanted the U.S. to
send money to support the anticommunist efforts.
C. Kennan did not believe that the Soviets would go so far
as to put their own country in danger of war, so if the United
States was patient in containing the Soviet expansion, it
would win in the end.
D. America supported governments that resisted
communism, and it formed NATO, whose goal was to
counter Soviet expansion.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Individual Exit Ticket – worth 10 formative points:
1.
What year did the Soviet, British, and U.S. leaders meet at Potsdam?
a. 1947
b. 1948
c. 1945
d. 1950
2. Who first spoke of the “iron curtain”?
a. George Kennan
b. Joseph Stalin
c. Winston Churchill
d. Harry Truman
3. One goal of the Marshall Plan was to
a. make Germany pay costs for all the destruction it had caused
in Europe.
b. send troops to help European countries fight communism
c. make European countries strong enough to start buying
American goods.
4. NATO and the Warsaw Pact were examples of
a. military aggression during the Cold War.
b. failed attempts to make peace.
c. military alliances made for “collective security”.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
When the Big Three met at Yalta in February 1945,
Stalin agreed to allow free elections in Eastern
Europe, yet free elections were not held.
When the Big Three met again at Potsdam in the
spring of 1945, the United States and Britain
pressed Stalin to confirm his commitment to free
elections; Stalin refused.
The Big Three alliance crumbled.
Cold War Europe,
TEKS 1949
8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Satellite states and the “Iron curtain.”
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
After the Big Three split at Potsdam, the Cold War
struggle between the world’s two superpowers began.
Containing communist expansion became the top
priority of the US.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
With the Truman Doctrine, the United States
promised to support nations struggling against
communist movements.
Greece and Turkey
were fighting
communist
movements. Money
was sent to these
countries to provide
aid to people who
needed it.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The United States also sent about $13 billion to Western
Europe under the Marshall Plan.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
After the war,
Germany was divided
into four zones.
Can you remember
the name of the
conference where this
occurred?
Potsdam
East Germany and
East Berlin = Soviet
Union
West Germany and
West Berlin = UK, US,
and France
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
West Berlin was controlled by the Allies.
The prosperity
and freedoms
there stood in
stark contrast
to the bleak
life in
communist
East Berlin.
Determined
to capture
West Berlin,
Stalin
blockaded
the city in
1948,
cutting off
supplies.
In response,
the United
States and
Britain sent
aid to West
Berlin
through a
massive
airlift.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Berlin Airlift
• Blockade of Berlin lasted from June 24, 1948 to May
12,1949.
• Goal of USSR was to force the western powers to allow
the Soviet zone to start supplying Berlin with food and
fuel = Soviets wanted control over the entire city.
• Western allies flew over 200,000 flights and
delivered up to 4700 tons of daily necessities such as
fuel and food.
• Soviets, embarrassed by success of airlift, removed
blockade.
• The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)
and the German Democratic Republic (East
Germany) split up Berlin.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Berlin airlift saved West Berlin and underscored the
U.S. commitment to contain communism.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Berlin airlift
demonstrated
that communism
could be
contained if
Western nations
took forceful
action.
The North
Atlantic
Treaty
Organization
(NATO)
provided the
military
alliance to
counter
Soviet
Expansion.
In response,
the Soviet
Union and its
allies formed
a military
alliance—the
Warsaw
Pact.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
NATO
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
France
Greece
Iceland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
West Germany
Warsaw Pact
Albania
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Soviet Union
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Cold War in China and Korea
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Chapter 18, Section 2: The Korean War (Page 598-603)
A – Communists Gain Control of China
Question: Why were the communists able to win the Chinese Civil War?
B – Americans Fight in Korea (page 599)
Question: How did President Truman react to the North Korean invasion of
South Korea?
C – Americans Fight in Korea (page 600 – 602)
Question: Map Skills – Describe the movement of communist troops after
November 1950.
D – The Korean War Has Lasting Effects
Question: What were the most important results of U.S. participation in the
Korean War?
E – Summary of Section
Question: How did President Truman use the power of the presidency to limit
the spread of communism in East Asia?
First, read your section in your group (A-E). Define any key terms in
your section, take about 3 to 4 main points (detailed) summarizing
your section and answer your focus question (20 mins).
Then, your teams will change (1-5), each member gets a few
minutes to explain their section of the text to their new members
while the others take notes (20 mins). There will be an exit ticket
containing questions from each section of the text. (5 mins)
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Focus Question Answers:
A. Chinese communists were able to win because they had
the support of the majority of the Chinese people?
B. He ordered U.S. troops to South Korea and obtained the
support of the United Nations for a counterattack.
C. After November 1950, communist troops advanced south
to the 37th parallel, but at the end of the war they had
retreated to about the 38th parallel.
D. North Korea remained communist; South Korea remained
democratic; the U.S. presidency enlarged its powers to
commit troops to war.
E. President Truman committed troops without authorization
by Congress, gained support from the United Nations, and
fired General MacArthur.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Individual Exit Ticket – worth 10 formative points:
1.
What year did Japan invade China?
a. 1935
b. 1936
c. 1937
d. 1938
2. What was the dividing line between North and South Korea called?
a. 36th Parallel
b. 37th Parallel
c. 38th Parallel
d. 39th Parallel
3. What percent of the peninsula does South Korea control (as of 1951)?
a. 13%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. 90%
4. Which of the following was NOT a result of the Korean War?
a. U.S. troops can battle without a congressional declaration of war
b. increased military spending – half the federal budget (1960)
c. millions of soldiers stationed around the world
d. N/A – all of the following are results of the Korean War
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Curriculum Standards:
Please write at least eight complete sentences on each of
the following topics based on your list of standards for this
unit – a total of three paragraphs and twenty-four
sentences using your textbook (but in your own words!!!).
If you copy directly from the book, you won’t get any
credit. This due at the end of the period in the in-box. We
will go over them on Friday.
• Analyze the effects of the (second) Red Scare on
domestic United States policy.
• Examine the causes, course, and consequences of the
early years of the Cold War (Truman Doctrine, Marshall
Plan, NATO, Warsaw Pact).
• Examine the causes, course, and consequences of the
Korean War.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
• Explain how Mao Zedong and the communists
gained power in China.
• Describe the causes and progress of the war in
Korea.
• Identify the long-term effects of the Korean
War.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did President Truman use the power
of the presidency to limit the spread of
communism in East Asia?
In the early 1950s, Cold War tensions
erupted in East Asia, where communist
and noncommunist forces struggled for
control of Korea.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Before World War II, China had been torn apart by
a brutal civil war.
Jiang Jieshi
(Chiang Kai Shek)
Mao Zedong
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
During World War II,
the two sides formed
an uneasy alliance to
fight Japan.
• The U.S. sent several
billion in aid.
• Jiang’s government fell.
• Nationalist generals were
reluctant to fight.
• Corruption was rampant.
Once the war ended,
however, civil war
broke out once again,
with renewed fury.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Mao built support by promising food to the starving
population. Communist forces soon dominated.
Jiang fled to
Taiwan in 1949.
Mao took
control of the
mainland,
renaming it
the People’s
Republic of
China.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Mao’s victory deeply shocked Americans.
Communists seemed to be winning everywhere,
extending their reach throughout the world.
Communist regimes now
controlled:
• One fourth of the
world’s landmass
• One third of the world’s
population
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The next battleground
was on the Korean
peninsula.
Once controlled by Japan,
Korea was divided along the
38th parallel into two
countries after World War
II.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The crisis began in June 1950.
North Korean troops,
armed with Soviet
equipment, crossed
the 38th parallel and
attacked South Korea.
Communist forces
advanced far into
the South, taking
over much of the
peninsula.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Forces from the United
States and other UN
countries arrived to help
their South Korean allies.
They halted their retreat
near Pusan.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
American troops in South Korea were led by World War II
hero Douglas MacArthur.
MacArthur devised a
bold counterattack
designed to drive
the invaders from
South Korea.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
MacArthur’s plan
worked.
In the fall of 1950, a
surprise landing at
Inchon helped UN forces
push the North Koreans
to the Chinese border.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The situation worsened when China
entered the war, sending 300,000 troops
across the border into North Korea.
• The Chinese attacked U.S.
and South Korean
positions.
• UN troops, badly
outnumbered, were forced
to retreat.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
During the winter of
1950 and 1951,
communist forces
pushed UN troops to
the 37th parallel.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The United States now faced the possibility of allout war against the world’s most populous nation.
MacArthur
favored
invading
China to
win a total
victory.
Truman
refused. He
favored a
limited war
to help
stabilize
South Korea.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
By the spring of 1951, UN
forces secured their position
near the 38th parallel, and a
tense stalemate began.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1953, the two sides agreed to a cease-fire.
This agreement remains in effect today.
There was no
clear winner
in the Korean
War, but the
conflict had
lasting effects
in the United
States.
• Military spending increased.
• Military commitments
increased worldwide.
• SEATO contained
communism in Asia.
• Future Presidents sent the
military into combat without
Congressional approval.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Global Cold War through 1960
Standard: Examine the
controversy surrounding the
proliferation of nuclear
technology in the United
States and the world.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Chapter 18, Section 3: The Cold War Expands (Page 604 - 609)
A – The Arms Race Heightens Tensions
Q: Why did the United States government decide to build a hydrogen bomb?
B – Eisenhower Introduces New Policies
Q: How was Eisenhower’s approach to foreign affairs different from that of
Truman?
C – The Cold War Goes Global
Q: How did military technology indirectly affect the way of life in American
homes? (page 606)
D – Eisenhower Promises Strong Action (Red, page 608)
Q: How did the Hungarian and Suez crisis of 1956 raise Cold War tensions?
E – Summary of Section
Q: What methods did the United States use in its global struggle against the
Soviet Union?
First, read your section in your group (A-E). Define any key terms
in your section, take about 3 to 4 main points (detailed)
summarizing your section and answer your focus question (15 mins).
Then, your teams will change (1-5), each member gets a few
minutes to explain their section of the text to their new members
while the others take notes (15 mins). There will be an exit ticket
containing questions from each section of the text. (5 mins)
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Focus Question Answers:
A. It would be more powerful than the atomic bomb and might
give the United States a nuclear advantage over the Soviet Union.
B. Truman believed in using controversial weapons to stop
communist aggression. Eisenhower believed that money should be
spent on the nuclear arsenal instead.
C. Military technology spun off new inventions that were useful in
households, from microwave ovens to smoke detectors.
D. Americans and their allies were horrified by Soviet brutality
toward the Hungarians, and Egypt’s nationalization of the Suez
canal and its recognition of communist China provoked fears about
losing oil supplies.
E. During the Cold War, the United States agreed with the policy of
mutually assured destruction, in which it promised to retaliate
fully if attacked by nuclear weapons. It used the policy of
brinkmanship to protect allies and discourage communist
aggression. Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, the United States
agreed to use force to help any nation threatened by communism.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Individual Exit Ticket – worth 10 formative points:
1.
The new Hydrogen Bomb (H-Bomb) would be how many times as
powerful as an atomic bomb?
a. 10 times
b. 100 times
c. 1,000 times
d. 10,000 times
2. Compared to 1953, the defense budget in 1955: (due to Ike’s “bigger bang
for the buck”)
a. increased
b. decreased
c. stayed the same
d. stopped
3. President Eisenhower supported France and Britain’s actions to seize
control of the Suez Canal.
a. True
b. False
4. How did the United States respond to the Soviet Union sending Sputnik I
(satellite) into space (1957)?
a. Eisenhower funded a satellite to be spent to space with a dog
b. Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA)
c. Congress responded by creating the Central Intelligence Agency
d. All of the following were responses to Sputnik I
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Global Cold War through 1960 (18.3)
Standard: Examine the
controversy surrounding the
proliferation of nuclear
technology in the United
States and the world.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives 18.3
• Describe the causes and results of the arms race
between the United States and Soviet Union.
• Explain how Eisenhower’s response to
communism differed from that of Truman.
• Analyze worldwide Cold War conflicts that erupted
in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and other
places.
• Discuss the effects of Soviet efforts in space
exploration.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
What methods did the United States
use in its global struggle against the
Soviet Union?
By 1950, the United States and the Soviet
Union were world superpowers.
Tensions ran high as each stockpiled
weapons and struggled for influence around
the globe.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
On September 2, 1949,
the balance of power
between the U.S. and the
Soviet Union changed
forever.
That day, the Soviet
Union tested an
atomic bomb.
The threat of nuclear
war suddenly became
very real.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In response, Truman ordered scientists to produce
a hydrogen bomb—a bomb 1,000 times more
powerful than the atomic bomb.
In 1952,
the U.S.
tested the
first
H-bomb.
The next
year, the
Soviets
tested their
own H-bomb.
The arms
race had
begun.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In time, the United States and the Soviet Union
would build enough nuclear weapons to destroy
each other many times over.
Both sides hoped that this program of mutually
assured destruction would serve as a deterrent.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
For many, however, the existence of so many
weapons was a further threat to peace.
Nuclear Warhead Proliferation
Year
U.S.
USSR
Britain
France
China
1945
6
0
0
0
0
1950
369
5
0
0
0
1955
3,057
200
10
0
0
1960
20,434
1,605
30
0
0
1965
31,642
6,129
310
4
1
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Americans
reacted to the
nuclear threat
by following
civil defense
guidelines.
Families built
bomb shelters
in backyards.
Students practiced
“duck and cover”
drills at school.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Unlike Truman,
Eisenhower was not
interested in fighting
communism by building
conventional forces.
Instead, he and his
secretary of state John
Foster Dulles focused on
stockpiling nuclear
weapons.
They believed that by meeting communist threats
with U.S. threats of massive retaliation and
brinkmanship they could prevent war.
Massive Retaliation = If you attack us, we will nuke you.
Brinkmanship = an escalation of threats in order to
achieve one's aims (even if threat is not completely true)
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Joseph Stalin died in 1953.
After a brief power struggle, he was succeeded
by Nikita Khrushchev.
Cold War hostilities eased for a
time, with the new leader
speaking of “peaceful
coexistence.”
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Nuclear weapons would not be used in the world’s “hot
spots.”
Global Cold War, 1946−1956
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Other methods, however, would be used to
help nations threatened by communism.
• Eisenhower used the Eisenhower Doctrine to
justify sending troops to quell conflicts.
• He also approved secret CIA operations to
promote American interests abroad.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
While the United States worked to contain
communism on the ground, they suffered a
serious setback in space.
In 1957, the
Soviets
launched the
Sputnik I
satellite into
orbit around
Earth.
Fearing Soviet
dominance of
space,
Congress
approved
funding to
create NASA.
The arms
race was
now joined
by a space
race.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Please complete page 153 in your
workbook.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Suez Crisis
• Egypt recognized communist
China - US pulled its offer to fund
the building of a dam on the Nile
River.
• Egyptian president threatened to
nationalize canal, cutting off the
flow of oil to Europe.
• The canal had been managed by a
British–French company. These
two nations used this as an excuse
to seize control of the canal.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Cold War at Home
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
•
Describe the efforts of President Truman and
the House of Representatives to fight
communism at home.
•
Explain how domestic spy cases increased
fears of communist influence in the U.S.
government.
•
Analyze the rise and fall of Senator Joseph
McCarthy and the methods of McCarthyism.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did fear of domestic communism
affect American society during the
Cold War?
As Cold War tensions mounted, the United
States became gripped by a Red Scare.
Many feared that communists were
infiltrating the country, attempting to
destroy the American way of life.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
During the Cold War, it seemed to many Americans
that communism was spreading everywhere—in
Europe, in Asia, even into outer space.
Many feared
the United
States was
next.
Some
suspected that
communists
were already
in the country,
plotting
revolution.
Red Scare
fears led
President
Truman to
take action.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Fighting Communism at Home
Act
Date
Provisions
Smith Act
1940
• Made it unlawful to teach about or
advocate the violent overthrow of
the U.S. government
Federal Employee
Loyalty Program
1947
• Allowed the FBI to screen federal
employees for signs of disloyalty
• Allowed the Attorney General to
compile a list of subversive
organizations in the United States
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Congress joined in the search for communists.
The House Un-American Activities Committee held
hearings to investigate communist influence in
American society, including
• The government
• Education
• The armed forces
• Newspapers
• Labor unions
• The movie industry
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
HUAC hearings were highly charged and widely
publicized.
The Hollywood Ten refused to testify and eventually
were jailed.
What are Blacklists?
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
As fears of disloyalty rose, Americans became riveted
to two spy trials.
Defendants
Year
Charges
Outcome
Alger Hiss
1948
Accused by a
former Soviet spy
of being a
communist agent
Convicted of
perjury and
jailed
Julius Rosenberg
Ethel Rosenberg
1950
Accused of passing
atomic secrets to
Soviet agents
Found guilty
and executed
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Rosenberg case, which focused on atomic secrets,
heightened fears of a nuclear disaster.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Senator Joseph McCarthy charged that
communist agents had infiltrated the
highest levels of government.
He claimed to have lists of
Americans who were
secretly communists and
had betrayed their country.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
He consolidated power by making baseless
allegations and opening endless investigations.
Few protested, for fear they would be accused.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1954, McCarthy claimed that the army, too, was
filled with communists.
The Army-McCarthy hearings were televised, and
Americans saw McCarthy’s tactics firsthand.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The public was horrified
to see McCarthy bullying
witnesses, making
reckless accusations,
and twisting the truth.
Today, such
irresponsible
actions are known
as McCarthyism.
By the time the hearings ended, McCarthy had lost
much of his support, and he was formally censured by
the Senate.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
McCarthy’s downfall marked the
decline of the Red Scare.
How does the US still struggle with balancing
the nation’s security with the civil liberties of
its citizens?
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Chapter Summary
Section 1: The Cold War Begins
The wartime alliance between the U.S. and Soviet Union
crumbled as Stalin expanded communism in Eastern Europe.
Truman focused on containment with aid programs including
the Marshall Plan. An airlift saved West Berlin, but tensions
mounted as new alliances formed.
Section 2: The Korean War
Mao Zedong and the communists gained power in China.
North Korea attacked South Korea, setting up a clash
between communist and noncommunist powers. Heavy
fighting ended in a stalemate. The U.S. increased military
spending and global commitments.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Chapter Summary
(continued)
Section 3: The Cold War Expands
The Soviets developed the atomic bomb and the arms race
began. Eisenhower stockpiled nuclear weapons, but they were
useless during the Hungarian uprising. Troops and the CIA
proved effective in other crises. The Soviets launched Sputnik
and the U.S. formed NASA.
Section 4: The Cold War at Home
Cold War fears led to suspicions of communist infiltration in the
United States. Truman and Congress worked to expose
communist sympathizers. Highly charged HUAC hearings and
spy trials attracted wide attention. The Red Scare led to the
reckless tactics of Joseph McCarthy.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
1950s Economy
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
•
Describe how the United States made the
transformation to a peacetime economy.
•
Discuss the accomplishments of Presidents
Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower.
•
Analyze the 1950s economic boom.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did the nation experience recovery
and economic prosperity after World
War II?
The GI Bill of Rights and a strong demand for
consumer goods – coupled with defense spending
on the Korean War and increased foreign demand
for U.S. goods – greatly improved the U.S.
economy after World War II.
The U.S became the richest country in the world.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
After World War II, many citizens and
economists feared the country would
fall into a widespread depression.
• Truman started demobilization, and millions of
soldiers came home and searched for work.
• Contracts to produce military goods were cancelled
and millions of defense workers lost their jobs.
• An end to rationing and price controls – plus a
demand for goods – fueled inflation.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The post-war U.S. did not experience
unemployment or a renewed depression,
but it did have serious economic problems.
The most painful
was skyrocketing
prices.
Prices rose about 18
percent in 1946, and
the prices of some
products doubled.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
To help veterans, the federal government
enacted the GI Bill of Rights.
Benefit
Results
• The bill provided one year
of unemployment pay for
veterans unable to find
work.
• The pay helped veterans
support themselves and
their families.
• The bill provided financial
aid to attend college.
• Eight million veterans
entered or returned to
college.
• The bill entitled veterans
to loans for buying homes
and starting businesses.
• There was an upsurge in
home construction, which
led to explosive growth in
suburban areas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Marriage rate drastically increases as soldiers
return.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Baby Boom - U.S. Population grows 27 percent from
about 130 to about 165 million between 1940 and 1955.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
When wartime
restrictions ended,
demand for
consumer goods
soared. Businesses
employed more
people to produce
goods.
This created a cycle in
which people bought new
goods, leading business to
hire more workers, who in
turn bought more goods.
During the next two decades, the U.S. became the
richest country in the world.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
During the postwar period, the U.S. economy also
benefitted from technological advances, such as
atomic power, computers, and plastics.
Worker
productivity
continued to
improve, largely
because of new
technology.
The economy also got
a boost from federal
defense spending for
the Korean War and
from foreign demand
for U.S. goods caused
by the Marshall Plan.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Between 1945 and 1960, the nation’s gross national
product (GNP) more than doubled.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Despite the economic growth, the U.S.
faced challenges during after World
War II. President Harry Truman faced
the following issues.
• The Cold War was beginning and there were
communist takeovers in Europe and Asia.
• The U.S. faced inflation and labor unrest at
home.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Trade unionists
demanded pay
increases to
keep up with
inflation.
Employers
refused to
meet labor’s
demands.
Millions of steel, coal, railroad, and automotive
workers went on strike, prompting Congress to
enact the Taft-Hartley Act over Truman’s veto.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Truman also established a special committee on
civil rights to investigate race relations.
The committee
made several
recommendations
for reforms, but
Congress rejected
them all.
Truman
desegregated the
military, which did
not need
Congressional
approval.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
By spring 1948, Truman’s standing had sunk so low
that few thought he could win election that fall.
However, Truman
managed the
political upset of the
century, beating
three other
candidates, two of
them from new
political parties.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Shortly after the election, Truman
announced a far-ranging legislative
program he called the Fair Deal.
• The Fair Deal was meant to strengthen existing
New Deal reforms and establish new programs,
such as national health insurance.
• But Congress rejected most of Truman’s Fair
Deal proposals.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Legislative failure and a stalled war in Korea
contributed to Truman’s loss of popularity, and
he did not seek reelection in 1952.
Popular, charming
Republican
candidate Dwight D.
Eisenhower won the
presidency that year,
beating Democrat
Adlai Stevenson.
The public believed
that Eisenhower would
walk the line between
liberal and
conservative political
positions, and he did
not disappoint.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Eisenhower created an
interstate highway system
and spent more money on
education.
The strong U.S economy went a long way
toward making his presidency one of the
most prosperous, peaceful, and politically
tranquil in the 20th century.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
1950s Society
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
• Examine the rise of the suburbs and the
growth of the Sunbelt.
• Describe changes in the U.S. economy and
education in the postwar period.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
What social and economic factors
changed American life during the 1950s?
After World War II, many Americans migrated to
the Sunbelt states and to newly built suburbs.
White-collar jobs began to replace blue-collar
jobs in the U.S. economy, more women joined
the workforce, and franchise businesses and
multinational corporations were on the rise.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Between 1940 and 1960, 40 million
Americans moved to the suburbs, one of
the largest mass migrations in history.
• Because few houses were built during the war,
the United States had a severe shortage of
urban housing.
• Newly married veterans who needed housing
looked to the suburbs.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Rural regions and
older industrial
cities suffered
dramatic declines in
population.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
At this time of peak demand, developers
began to quickly build affordable housing.
William Levitt built three
Levittowns—in New
York, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania—which
became blueprints for
other suburbs soon
springing up across the
country.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
New home buyers received low-interest home
loans courtesy of the GI Bill of Rights and the
Federal Housing Administration (FHA).
As populations
increased,
suburbs became
self-contained
communities with
shops, schools,
and police
departments.
Some suburbanites used
public transportation,
but many needed cars
to commute to work and
to shop at suburban
shopping malls.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The number of registered automobiles jumped
from 26 million in 1945 to 60 million in 1960.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
To support the growing “car culture,” in 1953
President Eisenhower authorized funding to
build the interstate highway system.
• In 1956, Congress passed the Interstate
Highway Act, the biggest expenditure on public
works in history.
• Fast-food restaurants, drive-in movie theaters,
and the travel and vacation industries all
benefited from the new roads.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Another crucial trend of the postwar era
was the growth of the Sunbelt.
Factors that drew
people to the
Sunbelt included its
warm, appealing
climate and new
jobs in the defense,
aerospace,
electronics, and
petrochemical
industries.
Migration Patterns 1950–2010
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
As Americans moved to the suburbs and the
Sunbelt, these areas
•
gained political power with increased
congressional representation
•
faced more environmental concerns such as
air pollution and water shortages
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Population shifts were accompanied by
equally ground-breaking structural changes
in the American economy.
For the first time in
American history,
more people found
employment in the
service sector than
in the manufacturing
sector.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The new white-collar workforce included many
who worked in information industries.
• The information industries often used computers.
• By the 1960s, the government and private
industry had found many uses for the computer.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Other Changes in the Economy
Women in
the
Workforce
The Decline
of Family
Farms and
the Rise of
Technology
•
The number of women in the
workforce doubled between 1940 and
1960.
•
Many worked part-time and were
underpaid, but their jobs helped keep
their families in the middle class.
•
Both the number and percentage of
Americans who made a living farming
continued to decline.
•
At the same time, improvements in
technology made farming more
productive with fewer workers.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The postwar period saw changes in types of
businesses and in the labor movement.
•
Franchise businesses were attractive to
consumers craving quality and consistency.
•
Multinational corporations expanded.
•
Although many new white-collar workers did not
join unions and labor’s image was tarnished by a
corruption scandal, the AFL-CIO still had a great
deal of political clout.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
After the war, more people were able to
complete high school and attend college. A
more educated workforce boosted productivity.
•
Local and state governments provided most of
the funding for education.
•
But after the Soviets launched Sputnik 1 in 1957,
Congress approved the $1 billion National
Defense Education Act, aimed at producing more
scientists and science teachers.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Education is “Democratized”
Accessibility
The End of
Segregation
in Schools
•
More states built or expanded their
college systems.
•
Many states gave funds to make it
easier for ordinary Americans to
attend college, using the California
Master Plan as a model.
•
In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled
in Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka that segregated schools
were unconstitutional.
•
However, it would be years before
many schools were integrated.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
1950s Culture and Family Life
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
• Explain why consumer spending increased.
• Discuss postwar changes in family life.
• Describe the rise of new forms of mass
culture.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did popular culture and family
life change during the 1950s?
During the 1950s, the ideal family consisted
of a “breadwinning” father and a mother who
stayed home to raise children.
The growing influence of television and radio
helped reinforce this view and shaped the
culture in other ways.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
As the U.S. economy began to boom in
the postwar era, Americans were
caught up in a wave of consumerism.
• During the 1950s, median family income
rose, so Americans had more money to spend.
• Companies introduced credit cards and
encouraged buying on credit.
• Supermarkets and shopping centers sprouted,
and shopping became a new pastime.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Home appliances topped the list of
the goods that Americans bought.
Washing machines,
dryers, refrigerators,
and stoves transformed
housework by lessening
its physical demands.
Americans bought
televisions in record
numbers, and by the
end of the 1950s,
90 percent of all
U.S. households
owned one.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Family life was emphasized in the 1950s.
During
World War II,
many women—
including
married women
with children—
had worked in
factories.
But when the
war ended,
most women
returned to being
homemakers,
which is what
society expected
of them at
that time.
Women who
wanted a
career outside
the home
faced social
pressure to
rethink their
decision.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Society stressed
the importance of
the nuclear family.
Magazines, TV
shows, and movies
reinforced the
image of the
“ideal” American
homemaker.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
But as the 1950s
progressed, more
women were
willing to challenge
the view that
women should not
have careers
outside the home.
By 1960, women
held one third of
the nation’s jobs,
and half of these
women workers
were married.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
More so than in the past, family
life revolved around children.
• The best-selling book of the era was
Dr. Benjamin Spock’s Common
Sense Book of Baby and Child Care,
which stressed nurturing.
• Parents spent a great deal of money
on clothes, toys, and other items for
their children.
• Baby-boomer teens had an even
greater impact on the economy.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
By 1960, the widespread distribution of
Dr. Jonas Salk’s polio vaccine had nearly
eliminated the disease.
At the same time,
antibiotics came
into wide use,
helping to control
numerous
infectious diseases.
These medical
advances, plus a
better diet,
increased
children’s life
expectancy.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The 1950s also saw a revival of religion
in the United States.
•
Organized religious groups became
more powerful, more churches were
built, and evangelists attracted
large live and TV audiences.
•
Regular church attendance rose.
•
Congress added “In God We Trust”
to the dollar bill and “under God”
to the Pledge of Allegiance to
underscore the contrast between
America and atheist communist
societies.
Religious
Groups and
Churches
Acts of
Congress
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Sales of televisions skyrocketed
during the 1950s.
Children’s shows
had huge
followings, and
baby boomers
became the first
generation to grow
up watching TV.
Sitcoms, which
reflected 1950s
ideals, told the
stories of happy
families with few
real-life problems.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Television, along with radio and movies,
helped shape a mass national culture.
• Because Americans
were exposed to the
same shows and
advertisements, the
media helped erode
distinct regional and
ethnic cultures.
• Starting with the 1952
presidential campaign,
television changed
political campaigns by
allowing citizens to see
the candidates in action.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1951, a white disc jockey named Alan Freed
began broadcasting what had been called
“race music” to his Midwestern listeners.
Freed renamed the music rock-and-roll.
He planted the seed for a
cultural revolution.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Rock music originated in the rhythm and
blues music traditions of African Americans.
Whites did not
hear many live
performances of
rhythm and blues
because of Jim
Crow laws in the
South and subtle
segregation in the
North.
Through the
radio, the music
attracted a wider
audience in the
postwar era.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In the early 1950s, Sam Phillips set up a
recording studio in Memphis to record
African American blues performers.
Phillips signed
Elvis Presley,
who became the
first rock-and-roll
idol, sold millions
of records, and
set off the new
rock craze.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Although rock-and-roll came to symbolize
youth culture, not everyone liked the music.
• Elvis Presley’s performance on The Ed
Sullivan Show shocked many adults.
• Ministers complained about the passions rock
music seemed to unleash among teens.
• Congress held hearings on the subversive
nature of rock music.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
1950s Social Issues
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
• Summarize the arguments made by critics
who rejected the culture of the fifties.
•Describe the causes and effects of urban and
rural poverty.
•Explain the problems that many minority
group members faced in the postwar era.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Why were some groups of Americans
dissatisfied with conditions in postwar
America?
Poverty and discrimination plagued some
Americans, while others criticized the
conformity of middle-class life.
The discontents of the 1950s would manifest
the first signs of the dissent that would
dominate the 1960s.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Some Americans believed that while material
conditions were better in the 1950s, the
quality of life had not improved.
• Many social critics complained about the
emphasis on conformity in 1950s America.
• They also criticized the power of advertising to
mold public tastes.
• The theme of alienation dominated a number of
popular books of the era.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Important Books of the Postwar Era
Title
Author(s)
Subject
David Riesman and
Nathan Glazer
• Americans’
sacrifice of
individuality
The Man in the
Gray Flannel Suit
Sloan Wilson
• a World War II
veteran who
could not find
meaning in life
The Catcher in
the Rye
J.D. Salinger
• the phoniness of
adult life
Betty Friedan
• the plight of the
1950s suburban
housewife
The Lonely Crowd
The Feminine
Mystique
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The beatniks, or beats, insisted that
conformity stifled individualism.
The beats
lambasted what
they saw as the
crass materialism
and conformity of
the American
middle class.
Important beat
literature included
Allen Ginsberg’s
poem “Howl” and
Jack Kerouac’s
novel On the Road.
Many Americans were outraged by their behavior.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Beyond the suburbs was a very
different America.
It was a nation of
urban slums,
desperate rural
poverty, and
discrimination.
People who were poor
and dispossessed
were well hidden.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In the influential 1962 book The Other America,
Michael Harrington shocked many Americans by
claiming that 50 million Americans—one fourth
of the nation—lived in poverty.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In the postwar years, many African Americans and
other minorities moved to the cities in search of jobs.
At the same time,
many middle-class
white families left
the cities for the
thriving suburbs.
Population
shifts affected
the standard
of living in
many cities.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The loss of the middle class hurt cities
economically and politically.
• The middle class paid a large share of the
taxes, so without them, cities were poorer.
• When much of the middle class moved to the
suburbs, they took their congressional
representatives with them.
• City services declined with the loss of
economic and political power.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
As conditions worsened and crime increased
in what was now called the inner city, more of
the middle class moved to the suburbs.
Government
leaders tried to
revitalize American
cities by developing
urban renewal
projects.
But urban renewal
drove people from
their homes to
make room for the
new projects and
highways.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The federal government tried to ease the
housing shortage by building public housing.
At first, public housing
residents were happy
with their new homes.
But in time, such projects
led to an even greater
concentration of poverty,
which led to other
problems, such as crime.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Many rural people also lived in poverty.
The economic situation of
Mississippi Delta sharecroppers,
Appalachian coal miners, and
farmers in remote areas got
worse as time passed.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
A major transformation in farming was
taking place, as corporations and large-farm
owners came to dominate farm production.
Small-farm owners
found it hard to
compete, and they
slipped into
poverty.
Many farmers left rural
areas and moved to the
cities, while others stayed
behind, hoping for
economic improvement.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
African Americans and other minorities
faced housing and employment
discrimination in the urban north and west.
• Puerto Rican migrants to New York City were
grouped in inner city neighborhoods where
discrimination limited their job opportunities.
• Because English was not their native language,
they had little political power and received little
help from city governments.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
By 1964, 3 million Mexicans had worked in the
United States under the bracero program, most
of them as farm laborers.
Many were
exploited and
cheated by their
employers, but
they did not
complain because
they feared
deportation.
One champion of
the rights of
Mexican migrant
workers, Ernesto
Galarza, joined the
effort to organize
unions for Mexican
farm laborers.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1953, the federal government enacted
the termination policy, which sought to
end Native American tribal government.
• The policy sought to relocate Native Americans to
cities and ended federal responsibility for them.
• Proponents of the policy argued that it would free
Native Americans to assimilate into U.S. society,
but in reality, it made conditions worse for them.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Chapter Summary
Section 1: An Economic Boom
The economy boomed as soldiers returned from the war,
married, and started families. The GI Bill helped millions
with home loans and education. Truman faced labor
difficulties and addressed discrimination. Eisenhower
presided over a time of prosperity.
Section 2: A Society on the Move
Americans moved to the suburbs. A “car culture”
developed, leading to funding for the interstate highway
system. The Sunbelt offered new jobs as the economy
shifted focus to the service sector. Educational
opportunities expanded, making college more accessible.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Chapter Summary
(continued)
Section 3: Mass Culture and Family Life
Consumer spending soared as incomes rose and businesses
offered payment plans and credit cards. A more traditional
view of family life took hold. Television and rock-and-roll
shaped the emerging national culture.
Section 4: Dissent and Discontent
Social critics rejected the conformity of middle-class
suburban society. Cities declined as middle-class families
moved to the suburbs, taking tax dollars and political clout
with them. Urban and rural poverty threatened many.
Minorities faced discrimination in housing and employment.