Transcript section 9.3 ppt

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Effects of Westward Expansion
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
•
Explain the effects of the Mexican-American War
on the United States.
•
Trace the causes and effects of the California
Gold Rush.
•
Describe the political impact of California’s
application for statehood.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
•
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – 1848 agreement
formally ending the Mexican-American War, included
the sale of Mexican territory to the United States
•
Gadsden Purchase – 1853 sale of Mexican territory
in Arizona and New Mexico to the United States
•
Wilmot Proviso – proposed law that would have
banned slavery in territory obtained from Mexico
•
California Gold Rush – mass migration of gold
seekers into California in 1848 and 1849
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
•
forty-niners – those attracted to California by
the Gold Rush in 1849
•
placer mining – use of metal pans, picks, and
shovels to look for gold along streams and rivers
•
hydraulic mining – use of jets of water that
erode hillsides into long sluiceways to catch gold
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
What were the effects of the
Mexican-American War and the
California Gold Rush?
The quick victory in the Mexican-American War
and the discovery of gold in California fed into
the expansionists’ goal of Manifest Destiny.
The war also heightened growing differences
between the North and South and set the stage
for future conflict.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
As a result
of the loss,
Mexico was
forced to sign
the Treaty of
Guadalupe
Hidalgo.
•
Mexico had to sell a third of its
territory to the United States
(1.2 million square miles).
•
For $15 million, the United
States obtained California and
New Mexico. The Texas border
was set at the Rio Grande.
•
Mexico was humiliated and
remained bitter toward the
United States for decades.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1853, the
United States
made the
Gadsden
Purchase.
•
Territory in southern Arizona and
New Mexico was purchased from
Mexico as a potential route for a
transcontinental railroad.
•
The lands obtained from Mexico
increased the area of the United
States by a third.
•
The land formed New Mexico,
California, Nevada, Utah,
Arizona, and half of Colorado.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Purchase of the Mexican Cession caused
a debate over the expansion of slavery.
•
In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso proposed a ban on
slavery in the territories obtained from Mexico.
•
The Proviso passed in the House, but failed in the
Senate. Both Whigs and Democrats voted along
sectional lines.
•
The Proviso brought the issue of slavery before
Congress, which had tried avoid the topic for decades.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1848, gold was found
at Sutter’s Mill on the
American River near
Sacramento, California.
The resulting California Gold Rush
brought a mass migration of 80,000
fortune hunters west.
They were called forty-niners. Half traveled overland;
the rest either sailed around South America or to
Panama, where they crossed the isthmus and caught
ships up the coast.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Gold Rush attracted miners from South
America and China. California’s population grew
from 14,000 in 1847 to 225,000 in 1852.
The first miners used metal pans, shovels and picks
to find gold along river banks. Few became wealthy
using this method, called placer mining.
Merchants and traders made more money selling
goods to the miners than the miners earned
themselves.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Life in the mining
camps was crude
and rough. Many
died of disease,
especially cholera
and dysentery.
Fights and violence
were common. Only
a few of the miners
were women.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
•
Mining soon became mechanized to make it more
efficient. One method was to divert a river or
stream to expose the river bed.
•
Hydraulic mining employed jets of water to
erode gravel hills into long lines of sluices which
caught the gold.
Hydraulic mining left heavy sediments in the river
and caused a great deal of environmental damage.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Some tried “hard rock” mining, where men
searched for gold in deep tunnels supported
by wooden posts and beams.
Gold mining soon became too expensive for
individual miners.
The democratic era in the gold fields did
not last long. Individual prospectors
were soon replaced by wealthy investors
paying wages.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
White miners quickly asserted control
in California.
Minorities faced violence in the gold fields and
discrimination in the courts.
Native Americans were killed or lost their land.
Others found work on farms and ranches.
Old Mexican land titles were generally ignored. Most
of the original Californians were dispossessed.
The Chinese were targeted by a foreign miner’s tax
and mob violence.
Mexicans also had to pay a foreign miner’s tax.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
San Francisco became
the gateway to the
California gold fields.
After 1848, the city grew
rapidly from a tiny Spanish
settlement into a major
American city.
Growth of San Francisco
Year
Population
1848
800
1849
25,000
1852
36,000
1860
57,000
Source: CIA World Factbook Online
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
By October 1849,
California prepared
to seek admission
into the Union.
Most Californians opposed
slavery, so California’s
admission as a free state
would tip the 15 slave and
15 free state balance
in the U.S. Senate.
Debate over the spread of
slavery into the territories
obtained from Mexico
became a leading cause of
the Civil War.