Transcript Cold War - Warren County Schools

1945 - 1960
US recognized USSR
in 1933
During WWII the United States
and the Soviet Union were
Allies…
Yalta – February 1945
1. Division of Germany into 4 zones (British, French,
American, and Soviet) EVENTUALLY East and West
Berlin develops & East and West Germany develops
2. Stalin wanted Germany to pay $10 billion in war damages
– REJECTED
3. US wanted USSR help with Japan (still at war with Japan)
4. Poland was to be allowed to choose own type of
government
UNITED NATIONS
New international peacekeeping organization
FDR died April 12, 1945
Harry S. Truman became President (was
VP for only 83 day)
Potsdam Conference (Suburb of Berlin)
Truman, Churchill, and Stalin
1. Continued to discuss
future of Germany and
Poland (Truman wanted
free elections in Poland)
2. Truman told Stalin
about the atomic bomb
USSR After the War
1. Interfered in Polish elections (angered Truman)
2. Wanted satellite nations – countries subject to Soviet
domination on the Western borders of the USSR
3. Supported totalitarian Communist Governments in Eastern
Europe
4. Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia
and Romania became dominated by the USSR
IRON CURTAIN
March 5, 1946 – Winston Churchill asked the United States
for help in keeping Stalin from closing the iron curtain of
domination and oppression
Cold War – political, economic, and military tensions between the ….
United
States
Soviet
Union
Containment Policy
Recognized that Eastern Europe was already lost to Communism
Called for US to resist Soviet attempts elsewhere
Truman Doctrine
(1947)
USSR
threatened
Turkey and
Greece
Policy of US to support
free people who are
resisting subjugation
$400
million
British could
no longer aid
Turkey and
Greece
Truman
Doctrine
Gave
leadership
role to US
US military
bases in
both
countries
Marshall Plan
Nations of Europe to receive
economic aid from the US
To create strong democracies and
new markets
1948 Congress approved (European
Recovery Program) – $13 billion in
grants and loans to Western Europe
Germany
1948 – American, French, and British merged 3 zones to become
Federal Republic of Germany (WEST GERMANY) CAPITALIST
1949 – EAST GERMANY – controlled by the Soviet Union
Communist
Berlin is inside East Germany
Berlin is divided into East and West
Berlin Airlift
June 1948 – Stalin decided to block West Berlin from outside aide
West Berlin was owned and operated by US, GB, and France (but was inside Soviet
held East Germany)
Berlin airlift was initiated by Truman – moved supplies to
West Berlin by air
Over 200,000 flights
13,000 tons of goods daily
Soviets gave up May 1949
NATO – US, Canada, Belgium, GB, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal
NATO (North
Atlantic
Treaty
Association)
Collective
Security –
Mutual
Military
Assistance
Warsaw Pact
Warsaw Pact – USSR and Satellite Nations
2 issues of 1949
*Soviet atomic threat –
Soviets exploded an
atomic bomb
*US began work on a
hydrogen bomb
China fell to Communism
– Mao Zedong –
Non-Communists
withdrew to Taiwan
Cold War at Home…
Federal Civil Defense was created. It flooded the nation with posters on how to
survive an attack (bomb shelters)
Click the turtle
advertisement for a
Civil Defense Video
Cold War at Home Continued…
Widespread antiCommunist
Crusade begins
Many Americans
had joined the
Communist Party
during the Great
Depression
1947 – Federal
Employee Loyalty
Program (all new
employees to be
investigated by a
Loyalty Review
Board)
House Un-American Activities Committee
Hollywood Ten – Ten were cited for contempt of
Court and served 6 months to a year in jail for
Pleading the 5th… they were blacklisted…
Click on witch advertisement for a 1 minute 51 second video
About HUAC.
McCarran Walter Act of 1952
Quota system for each country (especially Asian, Southern & Central Europe
Truman vetoed it
Congress overrode the veto
Truman said it was “one
of the most Un – American
acts I have ever witnessed
in my public career.”
Alger Hiss Case
Found guilty of perjury and went to prison for 4 years
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
Radical, married couple accused of passing atomic secrets to Soviets in WW2
The COLD WAR expands…
1. Japan withdrew from Korea after World War II.
2. 1945 – USSR occupied the north and the US
occupied the South
3. Both withdrew during 1948 and 1949.
KOREAN WAR
June 1950 – broke out when North Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel
United Nations called on all members to support S. Korea.
USSR had boycotted UN over treatment of Communist China.
USSR and China absent.
Douglas MacArthur
Truman’s choice to lead UN forces in
Korea
Korean War….
MacArthur suspected the North Korean supply lines were stretched thin, so he
attacked at Inchon to cut the supplies.
He pushed the North Korean forces across the 38th parallel.
THIS SCARED CHINA!!
On November 24, 1950, MacArthur began his
“Home By Christmas” offensive.
Chinese troops poured across the Yalu River to
push the UN forces out!
A STALEMATE DEVELOPED!
MacArthur wanted Taiwan to attack Mainland China.
Taiwan claimed to be the true Chinese government since the Mainland China
had become Communist.
Truman said NO!
CLICK ON FINAL PICTURE FOR A QUICK VIDEO!
Truman FIRED MacArthur for insubordination!
MacArthur returned to a heroes welcome!
MacArthur spoke to a joint session of Congress on
April 19. 1951.
Click picture for speech.
Click picture for Roy Acuff song tribute.
Korean War Continued….
The war drug on for 2 more years….
1950-1953
Truce in 1953
55,000 soldiers killed
113,000 wounded
Korea was divided at almost the exact place…
The McCarthy Era
However, the list dwindled to actually 57 accused of disloyalty.
Click the picture for an interview.
McCarthy’s Fall - 1954
Charged that the army was full of Communists!
April 1954 – Army –McCarthy Hearings
Democrats wanted it televised to make him look bad!
McCarthy bullied and had baseless allegations…
Finally, the Senate turned on him.
He died three years later
CLICK PICTURE
Dwight D. Eisenhower
1953-1961
John Foster Dulles – Secretary of State
Did not like Truman’s containment policy!
Eisenhower wanted to avoid war with the
USSR at all costs. So, the containment
policy remained intact.
Joseph Stalin died in 1953.
Nikita Khrushchev began leading the USSR
Vietnam Issue…
Vietnam was a French colony in Southeast Asia.
Ho Chi Minh, who was the leader of the Vietnamese Communist Party declared
the Colony’s independence…
France said NO!
WAR DEVELOPED IN VIETNAM.
May 1954 – France withdrew forces
Vietnam divided into Communist North and Anti-Communist South
DOMINO THEORY – if one country fell to communism,
its neighbors would follow
Middle East Issue…
1948 – Israel – homeland state for Jews
Arab nations were angry!
US pledged support to Israel.
Iran – US placed a pro-US Shah of Iran
Eisenhower Doctrine
US would use force to safeguard the independence of
any country or group of countries in the Middle East
requesting aid against communism.
Latin American Issues…
Concern with spread of communism in Latin America
Cuba – Fidel Castro – overthrew the corrupt Cuban dictator,
Fulgencio Batista on January 1, 1959.
Seized American property in Cuba
Eisenhower cut economic ties with Cuba
Castro turned to help from the USSR…
TO BE CONTINUED…
ARMS RACE
US detonated
Hydrogen Bomb
1953
USSR detonated
Hydrogen Bomb
1954
1954-1958 - US tested 19 hydrogen bombs at Bikini Island
In the Pacific
Japanese fishermen
90 miles away
suffered radiation
burns.
Residents of islands
200 miles away
evacuated.
Brinkmanship
Dulles said US was prepared to risk war to protect its national
interests
VERGE of War
US – Used Air Force to carry hydrogen bombs
USSR – used long range rockets ICBMS (intercontinental ballistic missiles)
US – LAGGED BEHIND IN MISSILE DEVELOPMENT
Sputnik
1957 – USSR launched Sputnik –
1st artificial satellite to orbit the earth
U2 Incident
US spy
plane over
USSR was
shot down
at 15 miles
high