Transcript Jefferson Administration

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Jefferson Administration
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
• Understand why some saw Jefferson’s election
as a “republican revolution.”
• Explain the impact of John Marshall’s tenure as
Chief Justice of the United States.
• Identify the importance of the Louisiana
Purchase.
• Analyze Jefferson’s foreign policies.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
• bureaucracy – the departments and workers
that make up the government
• John Marshall – Federalist Chief Justice who
established the Court’s power of judicial review
• judicial review – the power to decide if an act
of Congress or the President is constitutional
• Marbury v. Madison – 1803 Supreme Court
case that established the Court as the final judge
of the constitutionality of congressional actions
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
• Louisiana Purchase – land between the
Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains bought by
the U.S. from France in 1803.
• Lewis and Clark Expedition – “Corps of
Discovery” sent by Jefferson to explore the
Louisiana Territory
• Barbary War – action from 1801 to 1805
against Barbary pirates who demanded protection
money for U.S. shipping in the Mediterranean Sea
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
• embargo – a government order suspending
trade, usually to force some action
• impressment – practice of forcing American for
U.S. shipping in the Mediterranean sailors to
serve in the British navy
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
What were the successes and failures
of the Jefferson administrations?
In 1800, the Democratic Republicans took
control of the presidency, Congress, and most
of the state governments. The Federalists
would never reclaim national power.
The Jefferson administration changed the style
of government and acquired a huge new
territory for the United States.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Thomas Jefferson viewed his election as a
revolution in the principles of government.
• Federalists had held expensive public
displays to gain respect for the government.
Jefferson ended these as aristocratic threats
to the republic.
• Where the Federalists discouraged
public criticism, Jefferson invited
debate and discussion.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In office, Jefferson
reduced the national
debt, the government
bureaucracy, and the
size of the military. He
also cut unpopular taxes
on land and whiskey.
He benefited from
increased revenues from
foreign trade and the sale
of western lands.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1801, John Marshall became Chief Justice
and redefined the role of the Supreme Court.
• A last-minute Federalist
appointee, Marshall
eventually served 35
years and participated in
over a thousand court
decisions.
• Marshall wrote over half
of those decisions himself,
more than any other
Supreme Court Justice.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Marshall
applied four
Federalist
principles to
his decisions.
1
The Court’s role is to
determine if acts of
Congress or the President
are constitutional, a concept
known as judicial review.
2
Federal laws are superior to
state laws.
3
The Constitution is to be
interpreted broadly based
on the government’s
implied powers.
4
Contracts should be
strictly enforced.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Marshall established judicial review in
Marbury v. Madison
• In 1801, outgoing President John Adams appointed
William Marbury (Federalist) to be a judge.
• Incoming Secretary of State James Madison
(Democratic Republican) refused to give Marbury his
appointment, so Marbury sued.
• In ruling against Marbury, Marshall also ruled that
part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Marshall’s ruling gave the court more power, which
was a Federalist goal.
Because Madison and the Democratic Republicans
won the case, he could not appeal.
Marshall’s decision set the precedent that the
Supreme Court is the institution that determines
the constitutionality of laws (judicial review).
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1803, Jefferson doubled the area of the United
States by purchasing the Louisiana Territory.
• Jefferson saw farm ownership as an
ideal that freed citizens from a
landlord or employer.
• He wanted to expand the United
States westward so more Americans
could be free farmers.
• But, French Emperor Napoleon
owned Louisiana and threatened to
forbid American farmers from using
the port of New Orleans.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Jefferson asked to buy New Orleans.
To his surprise, Napoleon offered to sell
the entire Louisiana Territory.
• The deal was so good
that Jefferson decided
to contradict his “strict
construction” principles.
(The power to purchase
foreign territory is not
specifically granted by
the Constitution.)
• The Louisiana Purchase
added 828,000 square
miles and doubled the
United States for only
$15 million.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Jefferson sent a “Corps of Discovery” led by
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to
explore the territory.
The corps was tasked
with learning about the
climate, plants, seeds,
animals, and native
people.
The Lewis and Clark
Expedition was aided
by Sacajawea, a
Shoshone woman.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
• In 1805, the Barbary state
Jefferson
faced several
foreign affairs
challenges.
of Tripoli raised their price
for “protection” against
pirates.
• Jefferson refused to pay,
sending his small navy
instead. They defeated the
pirates.
• This Barbary War was
America’s first overseas
victory.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
• The British Navy began
War between France
and Britain brought
profits for American
merchants but also
led to trouble.
stopping American
ships and confiscating
their cargo.
• To meet a shortage of
sailors, they also began
to force or “press”
American sailors to
serve in the British
Navy, a practice called
impressment.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Jefferson asked
Congress for an
embargo, hoping a
loss of American
goods would change
Britain’s policies.
The embargo failed
to hurt Britain, but
American merchants
and farmers suffered
from unemployment,
bankruptcy, and
loss of profits.
Despite the failure of the embargo, the
United States expanded westward, grew
economically, and reduced its debt.