Transcript Explain how Washington`s retirement led to the formation

Section 9.3: The
Federalists in
Charge
Today ‘s Essential
Question: How did
political disagreements
lead to the formation of
political parties?
Vocabulary
• political party – a group of people that tries
to promote its ideas and influence
government, and also backs candidates for
office
• foreign policy – relations with the
governments of other countries
• domestic – coming from one’s own country
Check for Understanding
• What is today’s Essential Question?
• Name an important political party.
• What country’s foreign policy is or
once was hostile to the United States?
• What is a domestic wine?
What is foreign policy?
Foreign policy is the way in which the
governments of different countries
relate to each other.
What is a political party?
A political party is a group of people that
tries to promote its ideas and influence
government, and also backs candidates
for office.
What We Already Know
The members of our country’s first
presidential cabinet were very talented men.
What We Already Know
Jefferson and
Hamilton had first
clashed over
several parts of
Hamilton’s
financial plan.
What We Already Know
They also disagreed over which side the
United States should support in the new
war between France and Britain.
In 1789,
Washington had
come to the
presidency greatly
admired by the
American people.
During his second
term, however,
opponents of
Jay’s Treaty led
attacks on the
president.
Supporters of the
French Revolution also
criticized him for his
neutrality policy.
Cabinet members Jefferson and
Hamilton disagreed over many issues,
starting with the national bank.
Only George Washington’s leadership made it
possible for the two men to work together in the
cabinet.
In 1796, President George
Washington decided to retire.
• He had served two terms in office and
wanted to return to his quiet life as a
wealthy Virginia planter.
• But as he left office, he had two fears for the
future of the nation.
Washington’s Fears
• He feared what
would happen if the
United States made
alliances with
foreign countries.
• He feared what
would happen if
people ever formed
political parties.
Washington’s ‘Farewell Address’
• He urged the nation to
remain neutral and “steer
clear of permanent alliances
with any portion of the
foreign world.”
• He warned that agreements
with foreign nations might
work against U.S. interests.
• His advice guided U.S.
foreign policy into the 20th
Century.
Washington also warned against
forming political parties.
• During his second term,
divisions between his
cabinet began to create
political parties.
• In his Farewell Address,
Washington warned of the
dangers of political division,
or what he termed “the spirit
of party.”
• Despite his advice, political
parties became a part of
American politics.
Get your whiteboards
and markers ready!
10. What two pieces of advice did
Washington give in his Farewell
Address?
A. Avoid political parties
and divisions.
B. The country must
abandon slavery.
C. The country should
remain neutral.
D. Settle the West as
rapidly as possible.
E. The nation must not to
violate the treaties they
had signed with Native
Americans.
Why did Washington favor neutrality
with other countries?
A. Alliances with other nations might
work against American interests.
B. Neutrality would be the best way to
promote trade with European
nations.
C. The United States was powerful
enough and didn’t need help from
other nations.
D. Most European nations were
dishonest and could not be trusted.
Growth of Political Parties
• Despite Washington’s warning against political
parties, Americans were deeply divided over
how the nation should be run.
• During Washington’s first term, Hamilton and
Jefferson had hotly debated the direction the
new nation should take.
• During Washington’s second term, Jefferson
resigned and Madison took his place in the
cabinet and in the debates with Hamilton.
Growth of Political Parties
• As Hamilton and Madison argued, other
Americans gathered around whichever
of these two men they agreed with.
• Their differences on foreign and
domestic policy led to the nation’s first
political parties.
Get your whiteboards
and markers ready!
11. What led to the rise of
political parties?
A. The growing expense of election campaigns
B. Disagreements over which class of people
should run the nation
C. Different views on economic policy
D. Differing interpretations of the Constitution
E. Washington’s favoritism toward Jefferson
Choose all that are true!
The new political parties were the
Federalists and the DemocraticRepublicans.
Hamilton
Jefferson and Madison
Together, Jefferson and Madison
founded the DemocraticRepublican Party.
The party name reflected
their strong belief in
democracy, states’ rights,
and their concern for
individual liberties.
James Madison
Hamilton continued to lead the
Federalists.
Hamilton’s followers
kept the name
‘Federalists’ from the
days of the ratification
debate.
The supporters of
the Federalists
included lawyers,
merchants,
manufacturers,
and the wealthy.
The Federalists and the
Government
The Federalists
supported a stronger
national government,
with more power than
the state governments.
Jefferson and Hamilton disagreed over
interpretation of the Constitution.
• Hamilton was a loose constructionist, and
claimed the elastic clause gave Congress
broad legislative powers.
• Jefferson was a strict constructionist, who
wanted to limit the powers of government.
These differences became clear
when Hamilton called for Congress
to charter a national bank.
• Jefferson opposed the bank on the
grounds it was unconstitutional.
• Congress, however, voted in favor of
Hamilton’s bank proposal.
The Federalist Party and the
Common People
• Federalists saw the common
people as dangerously
unstable.
• They believed the wealthy
and the well-educated
should have the greater
voice in government,
because they would be more
likely to govern well than the
common people.
As a former banker and businessman,
Hamilton had a distinct vision of the
nation’s future.
Hamilton wanted a
United States in
which the economy
was based on
manufacturing,
trade, and cities.
The Democratic-Republicans viewed
government and society differently.
• They feared that a
strong government
could lead to monarchy,
or to rule by the wealthy
upper classes.
• They wanted more
power given to the
states.
Unlike the Federalists, they trusted
the common people.
• The Democratic-Republicans saw in the common
people a great deal of honesty and good
judgment, so they wanted them to have a large
role in government.
• Their ideas drew farmers, shopkeepers, workers,
and recent immigrants to the new party.
Unlike Hamilton, Jefferson and
Madison pictured a rural nation of
planters and farmers.
They believed such people would
make good, honest citizens that
could not be corrupted by bribes
and political promises.
The First Political Parties
The Federalists
The Democratic-Republicans
Leader
Alexander Hamilton
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
Supporters
Lawyers, merchants,
manufacturers
Farmers, shopkeepers,
immigrants
Interpretation of the
Constitution
Loose construction
Strict construction
The common people
Saw common people as unstable
and dangerous
Common people were honest,
trustworthy, had common sense
The national bank
Favored it
Opposed it
The national
government
Wanted a strong central
government
Feared a strong government
could become a monarchy
Who should run the
government
The wealthy and well-educated
The common people
The economy
Based on trade, cities, and
manufacturing
Based on agriculture (farms and
plantations)
In 1796, John Adams defeated Thomas
Jefferson in the presidential election.
The nation now had a
Federalist president and
a DemocraticRepublican vicepresident.
Problems with France
• When Adams took office in 1797,
France and Britain were at war.
• Federalists tended to support the
British in this war, while DemocraticRepublicans were sympathetic to
France.
Problems with France
• The French began
seizing U.S. ships
to prevent them
from trading with
the British.
• Within the year,
the French had
looted more than
300 U.S. ships.
Problems with France
• American
anger toward
France grew
and some
Federalists
called for war.
• Many Democratic-Republicans
publically criticized Adams and the
Federalists for trading with the British
instead of supporting France.
The XYZ Affair
• Adams hoped talks would restore calm,
so he sent Charles Pinckney, Elbridge
Gerry, and John Marshall to Paris.
• There they requested a meeting with
the French minister of foreign affairs,
but were ignored for three weeks.
The XYZ Affair
Then three French
agents—later referred to
as X, Y, and Z— told the
Americans that talks
with the minister would
occur only if the
Americans agreed to
loan France $10 million
and to pay the minister
a bribe of $250,000.
The XYZ Affair
• The Americans refused, and Adams
received a full report of what became
known as the XYZ Affair.
• The American
public was
outraged by this
insult to the
nation.
The XYZ Affair
• Congress canceled its treaties with France
and allowed U.S. ships to seize French
vessels.
• Congress also set aside money to expand
the navy and the army.
Get your whiteboards
and markers ready!
12. What was the result of the
XYZ Affair?
A. Congress cancelled our treaty with France.
B. Adams made an alliance with Britain.
C. The United States began building up the
navy in preparation for war with France.
D. Congress authorized American ships to raid
French vessels.
Choose the response that is
NOT TRUE!
Angered by criticism in a time of
crisis, Adams blamed the
Democratic-Republican newspapers.
The Alien and Sedition Acts
• To silence their critics and weaken the
Democratic-Republicans, the Federalist
Congress passed the Alien and Sedition
Acts in 1798.
• These acts were aimed at aliens because
they usually joined the DemocraticRepublicans.
• They also targeted newspapers that
supported Democratic-Republicans.
The Alien and Sedition Acts
• An alien is an immigrant who is not yet a
citizen of the country they live in.
• Sedition is the act of stirring up a rebellion.
• The Acts increased the waiting period for
becoming a U.S. citizen from 5 to 14 years.
• The Acts gave the president the power to
arrest disloyal aliens or to order them out
of the country during wartime.
• The Acts made it a crime to say or write
anything false or critical about the government.
Get your whiteboards
and markers ready!
13. Why did Congress pass the
Alien and Sedition Acts?
A. They wanted to appease the British
Parliament and avoid another war.
B. They wanted to expel French spies posing
as immigrants from the country.
C. They wanted to keep the DemocraticRepublicans from criticizing the Adams
administration.
D. They thought it might help Thomas
Jefferson win the election of 1800.
The Democratic-Republicans accused
the Federalists of shutting down
freedom of speech and the press.
At least 25 newspaper editors were
arrested for violating the Sedition Act.
The Democratic-Republicans
fought the Alien and Sedition Acts.
• Led by Jefferson and Madison, they used a
theory called states’ rights.
• According to this theory, states have rights
that the federal government cannot violate.
Jefferson and Madison secretly
wrote the Kentucky and Virginia
resolutions.
• Resolutions are declarations passed by
legislatures.
• The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions
declared that the Alien and Sedition
Acts violated the Constitution, and
therefore they would not be enforced in
Kentucky or Virginia.
Jefferson proposed nullification.
Nullification is the idea
that a state could
nullify, or cancel out, a
federal law within its
state boundaries.
No other states supported
Kentucky and Virginia.
• However, within two years the DemocraticRepublicans won control of Congress.
• They either repealed the Alien and Sedition
Acts or let them expire.
Get your whiteboards
and markers ready!
14. What are states’ rights?
States’ rights is the political belief that says states
A. only have to contribute as much in
federal taxes as they feel they owe.
B. can determine for themselves how
many people they can send to the
House of Representatives.
C. have the right to a share of federal tax
revenue.
D. have certain rights that the federal
government cannot violate.
15. How did Kentucky and Virginia
respond to the Alien and Sedition Acts?
A. They organized a new political party to
oppose Adams and the Federalists.
B. They called for all southern states to
participate in a cotton embargo against
the North.
C. They promised to enforce the laws within
their state borders.
D. They passed resolutions that declared
that the acts violated the Constitution.
Meanwhile, Adams reopened
talks with France.
Both countries
agreed to the
Convention of
1800, an
agreement to
stop naval
attacks against
each other.
Adams’ actions made many
Federalists turn against him.
• Adams himself spoke
proudly of having saved the
nation from war with France.
• He considered this his
greatest accomplishment as
president.
• Despite this victory, Adams
lost the presidential election
of 1800 to Thomas Jefferson.
The Adams Administration
Event
Description
Impact
The XYZ Affair
French agents demanded a bribe from
American diplomats before being
allowed to see the foreign minister.
Anti-French feeling grew in the
United States. Treaties with France
were cancelled and the American
navy seized French vessels
Federalist
opposition to new
immigrants
Most new immigrants tended to join
the Democratic-Republican party. The
Federalist party was losing voters to
their opponents.
Congress passed the Alien and
Sedition Acts.
The Alien and
Sedition Acts
Residency for citizenship was raised
from 5 to 14 years. President could
deport or jail any undesirable alien.
Outlawed criticism of the government.
Led Jefferson to write the Kentucky
and Virginia Resolutions.
The Kentucky and
Virginia Resolutions
Declared that the Alien and Sedition
Acts violated the Constitution, and
therefore would not be enforced in
Kentucky or Virginia.
Established the concept of
nullification
nullification – belief that a state can declare a federal law unconstitutional
What great accomplishment did Adams claim as president? He could claim with pride that he
helped the country avoid war with France.
Get your whiteboards
and markers ready!
Who were the supporters of the
Federalists?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Farmers
Manufacturers
Immigrants
The working classes
Merchants
Choose all that are true!
Who supported the DemocraticRepublicans?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Farmers
Manufacturers
Immigrants
The working classes
Merchants
Choose all that are true!
How did Jefferson and Hamilton
disagree over the government?
A. Hamilton wanted state governments
to have more power.
B. Hamilton wanted a strong central
government.
C. Jefferson wanted to limit the power
of state governments.
D. Jefferson feared that a strong federal
government could lead to tyranny.
Choose all that are true!
How did Jefferson and Hamilton
disagree over the Constitution?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Hamilton was a strict constructionist.
Jefferson was a strict constructionist.
Jefferson was a loose constructionist.
Hamilton did not support the elastic
clause.
How did Jefferson and Hamilton
disagree over the national bank?
A. Hamilton opposed it as unconstitutional.
B. Jefferson opposed it as unconstitutional.
C. Jefferson supported it because of the
elastic clause.
D. Hamilton claimed it violated the elastic
clause.
How did Hamilton and the Federalists
view the common people?
A. As people with little
talent and no ambition
to improve their
situation
B. As a frightening and
unstable mob
C. As good, honest people
filled with common
sense
D. As the citizens best
suited for government
How did Jefferson’s DemocraticRepublicans see the common people?
A. As people who would quickly
give their support to a tyrant
B. As a frightening and unstable
mob
C. As good, honest people filled
with common sense
D. As the citizens best suited for
government
Choose all that are true!
How did Jefferson and Hamilton
disagree over America’s future?
A. Hamilton favored a nation of cities, trade,
and manufacturing.
B. Hamilton wanted to stop the nation’s
expansion at the Mississippi River.
C. Jefferson pictured a rural nation of
planters and farmers.
D. Jefferson favored a nation of small
businessmen.
Choose all that are true!