Transcript International

Causes of World War I
“The war to end all wars”
http://www.history.com/topics/world
-war-i/world-war-ihistory/videos/causes-of-world-wari?m=528e38969e64d
Nationalism
• The strong feeling
people have for their
own country.
 Often results in
revolutions.
• Belief that peoples
who share the same
language, heritage,
and history belong
behind the same
borders.
Imperialism
• The desire of a
country to have
colonies for the
purpose of raw
materials and
prestige.
 Great Britain- “The sun
never set on the British
Empire.”
 Germany- wanted more
colonies than the few it
had.
Militarism
• Building up of
military and
weaponry to gain
new colonies and
prepare for war.
 “The one with the
most toys wins.”
System of Alliances
• Balance of Power- every
nation tried to increase
its strength by securing
as many allies as
possible.
 Triple Alliance
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Italy
 Triple Entente
• Great Britain
• France
• Russia
• When one or the other
was threatened- the allies
would come to their aid.
 Many secret alliances
created between nations–
leads to distrust.
Austria-Hungary
• Empire in Eastern
Europe.
• Late 1870’sexperiences
numerous
nationalistic revolts
amongst the Balkan
peoples.
• 1908- takes Bosnia
and Herzegovina.
 Angers the
independent Serbia.
 Asks for Russian help,
but is refused.
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Serbia
Serbia
• Small nation of Slavic
speaking peoples
south of the Empire.
• Serbian nationalists
want to free all Slavic
speaking peoples in
Austria-Hungary and
create a new
independent country
called Bosnia.
Emperor Franz Joseph
• 1848- Became
emperor of
Austria-Hungary.
• Nearly 80 years
old, and in need of
an heir to the
throne.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Heir to the AustriaHungary throne.
• Visits the city of
Sarajevo w/ wife.
 Capital of Bosnian
province.
• Both assassinated by
Serbian nationalists.
 Gavrilo Princip
• Assassins captured
and tried.
 Franz Joseph demands
an investigation into
the plot.
 Serbia refuses.
War !!!
• European nations
• Germany’s alliance with
attempt to arbitrate
Austria-Hungary brings
the dispute.
them into the war.
• July 28, 1914- Austria- • Russia comes to the aid
Hungary declares war
of Serbia believing that
on Serbia.
they were the
protectors of all Slavic
speaking nations.
War!!
• July 29, 1914- Russia
declares war on
Austria-Hungary and
Germany
 Cannot take both
powers on.
• French alliance with
Russia brings them
into the war.
• Germany asks neutral
Belgium for right to
pass through to
invade France.
 Belgium refuses
• August 1, 1914Germany invades
France via Belgium.
 This “act of
aggression” forces
Britain to declare war
on Germany.
War-time Alliances
Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Ottoman Empire
 Secret alliance with
both nations brings
the Ottoman-Turks
into the war.
•
•
•
•
Triple Entente or
Allied Powers
Britain
France
Russia
Italy
 Joins Allies
because of
promises of new
colonies.
American Neutrality
• President Woodrow
Wilson urges
American neutrality
despite ties to
immigrant families in
Europe.
• War violated
progressive reform.
 Why use factories to
build weapons to
destroy things?
Germany
•
•
Plans to end war
early.
Create a western
front before Russia
could mobilize.
•
•
Invades France
through Belgium.
Takes 18 days to
defeat Belgium.
•
French able to get aid
from 90,000 British
troops.
Trench Warfare
• Western Front
• German, French, and
British armies dig 600
miles of trenches
throughout France.
• For 3 years both sides
battle over narrow strip of
land between the trenches.
 “No man’s land”
• Protected by mines and
barbed wire.
• Muddy and rat-infested–
troops lived in their own
“filth.”
•
http://www.history.com/videos/betyou-didnt-know-trenchwarfare?m=528e38969e64d#bet-youdidnt-know-trench-warfare
• http://www.histo
ry.com/topics/w
orld-war-i/worldwar-ihistory/videos/w
wifirsts?m=528e38
969e64d
• http://www.yout
ube.com/watch?
v=48lz1iJcvoM
New Weapons
• Long-range
guns
• Machine guns
• Gas warfare
 Effects of
Mustard Gas.
•
•
•
•
Camels
Tanks
Airplanes
Zeppelins
Submarine Warfare
• Germans build U-boats
(Unterseeboot) in
response to the
powerful British Navy.
• Designed to lurk under
the water, strike w/out
warning, and slip away
quickly.
 Germany uses on many
trading vessels.
The Lusitania
• German U-boats
patrol the North
Atlantic shipping
lanes.
• May 7, 1915- British
passenger boat is
sunk by U-boats.
 1,200 people are killed,
including 128
Americans.
• New Secretary of
State Robert Lansing
issues strong
protests.
 Germans issue a
statement that ocean
liners would no longer
be targets.
Election of 1916
• Democrats
 Woodrow Wilson
• Republicans
 Charles Evans Hughes
• Wilson runs on
campaign slogan- “He
kept us out of war.”
 Highly criticized for
neutrality policies, but
orders a massive
buildup of arms and
munitions.
• Wilson narrowly wins.
Renewal of Submarine Warfare
• February, 1917Germany informs
United States that it
would allow one (1)
American passenger
ship to sail to England
each week.
• Wilson breaks off
diplomatic relations
with Germany.
Zimmerman Telegram
• February, 1917
• British intercept a telegram
from German Foreign
Secretary Alfred
Zimmerman to Mexico.
 Germany offers alliance
with Mexico.
 Urges to invade the
United States and
“reclaim its lost land.”
• Purpose to create a 3rd
front to the war, and keep
the U.S. from aiding
Britain.
• American public demands
U.S. enter the war!
• Wilson announces that all
American trading ships
would be armed for
defense.
America Enters the War
• March 12- 21 German
U-boats sink 5
American ships.
• April 2, 1917- Wilson
asks Congress to
declare war on
Germany.
• Wants to make the
world safe for peace
and democracy.
• Calls on Americans to
support a “war effort.”
• http://www.yout
ube.com/watch?
v=y59wErqg4Xg
Raising an Army
• Selective Service
Act
 Required the
registration of all
men between the
ages of 21 and 30
(later amended to
18 and 45)
• 2.8 million “boys”
are drafted into the
army.
• 371,000 blacks join
“black only” units
commanded by
whites.
Financing the War
• War bonds
 Governments
ability to borrow
money from the
people.
• Liberty Bonds
raised over $21
million for the war.
Conserving Food
• 18th AmendmentProhibition
 Attempt to conserve
grain for the war effort.
• Food Administration
 Herbert Hoover leads.
 Encouraged expansion
of agriculture and
reduced waste.
 “Food will win the war.”
 “Wheatless Mondays”
 “Meatless Tuesdays”
Dissension Among the People
• Committee on Public
Information
 Circulated pro-war
pamphlets to gain
American citizenry
support.
• Espionage Act
 Sentences of up to 20
years for persons found
guilty of being disloyal to
America or aiding the
enemy.
• Sedition Act
 Penalties for using
“disloyal language”
against the government.
• Many who speak out
against the war are jailed.
 Eugene V. Debs
• Possible Constitutional
right violations??
End of the German Empire
• Kaiser Wilhelm II
slowly loses control of
the Empire to his
generals.
• Faced with revolution
in Germany.
• Abdicates on
November 9, 1918.
• A German Republic is
created.
• Escapes to the
Netherlands.
• Died in 1941 of a heart
attack at age 82.
The End of the Austrian-Hungarian
Empire
• November, 1916- Emperor
Franz Joseph dies at age
86.
• Karl I (great-nephew)
comes to the throne at
age 29.
 Tries to make peace with
France by giving back
Alsace-Lorraine.
 Germany angered.
• November 4, 1918- Signs
an armistice with Britain
and France.
• November 11, 1918Abdicates and flees to
Switzerland.
• 1922- dies of
tuberculosis.
The Armistice
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•
November 11, 1918
at 11:00 a.m.Germany signs the
armistice and
fighting ceases.
Terms of the
armistice
1. Germans would
evacuate France.
2. Germany would
surrender all war
materials and release
all prisoners.
War Statistics- Total Killed
• Entente Powers




• Central Powers
France- 1.4 million
Russia- 3.7 million
Britain- 733,000
United States126,000
 America only
fought for 16
months.
 Austria-Hungary- 1.5
million
 Germany- 2.5 million
A total of 10-15 million
people were killed
between the two
powers.
• http://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=bR
cKpWZOalo
Fourteen Points
• Woodrow Wilson’s
proposal for world peace.
• Presented to Congress in
January, 1918.
 End all “secret
agreements” between
nations.
 Freedom of the seas.
 De-militarization of
nations.
 Called for selfdetermination
 National groups should
have the right to choose
where to live w/in their
own borders.
 Creation of the League of
Nations
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=GwKl8PElfs&index=86&list=PL47F868B521
713645
League of Nations
• Wilson’s 14th point
• Urged the creation
of a general
association of
nations to protect
the independence
of both large and
small nations.
The League of Nations
•
•
Headquartered in Geneva,
Switzerland.
Executive Council

•
League Covenant

•
United States, France, Great
Britain, Italy, and Japan.
Each member nation agreed
to solve problems in a
“friendly way” before going
to war.
Weaknesses
1. “aggressor nations” never
defined
2. Forcing peoples to live
inside boundaries they did
not want to.
3. No way to solve economic
problems that led to wars.
The Treaty of Versailles
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•
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•
June, 1919
Germany would accept full
responsibility for the war.
Germany would pay war
reparations.
Germany was disarmed.
Allies took German
colonies.
Creation of the League of
Nations.
http://www.history.com/top
ics/world-war-i/treaty-ofversailles
Senate Rejection of League
• Henry Cabot Lodgeleading Republican
opponent.
 Objects to Article 10League members
would act together to
put down any threats to
peace.
 Wants America to
become isolated again.
Wilson’s Response
• Does not want to see
the League of Nations
weakened.
• Travels around the
country by train
making speeches in
defense of the Treaty.
• Fall, 1919- collapses
from exhaustion and
suffers a mild stroke.
 Wife secretly runs the
country during his
illness.
Senate Vote
• November, 1919
• Senate rejects The
Treaty of Versailles
and the League of
Nations.
 Never becomes a
member.
• 1921- signs a
separate peace
treaty with
Germany.
Red Scare
• Communism in Russia after Lenin
takes over and socialism in the
United States lead to the first Red
Scare
• Fear of the reds, a term used to
describe communists (taken from
their red flag)
• Result is immigrant restriction.
“don’t let those commies in here”
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6I
avxgMZA0&index=88&list=PL47F868B5217136
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