Transcript Transformations of the United States and the World

Transformations of the United
States and the World
SOL USII.8
Lisa Pennington
Social Studies Instructional Specialist
Portsmouth Public Schools
Vocabulary
• Yalta Conference: Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met in 1945 to
plan the occupation and division of Germany into four zones
administered by the U.S., France, Great Britain, and the Soviet
Union.
• Superpower: the U.S. and Soviet Union emerged as the world’s two
great powers, with no other country equal in power.
• Satellite nations: countries dominated by the Soviet Union.
• Iron Curtain: expression coined by Churchill to describe political
division between democratic countries in Western Europe and
Communist countries in Eastern Europe.
• Containment: to hold back the spread of Communism.
After World War II…
• Much of Europe was in ruins. Soviet
forces occupied most of Eastern and
Central Europe and the eastern portion of
Germany. The United States felt it was in
its best interest to rebuild Europe and
prevent political and economic instability.
After World War II…
• Learning from the mistakes of the past, the
United States accepted its role as a world
superpower, helping to rebuild Europe and
Japan and taking the leading role in
establishing the United Nations.
Rebuilding Efforts in Europe
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/2/24/300px-Marshall_Plan.png
• The U.S. instituted
George Marshall’s plan to
rebuild Europe (the
Marshall Plan), which
provided massive
financial aid to rebuild
European economies and
stop the spread of
communism.
• Democratic countries
received money from the
U.S., established
democratic governments,
and became allies of the
U.S.
Map of Cold-War era Europe and the Near East
showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid.
The red columns show the relative amount
of total aid per nation.
Rebuilding Efforts in Europe
Germany was partitioned
into East and West
Germany.
• West Germany was
democratic and resumed
self-government after a
few years of British and
French occupation.
http://www.maps-of-germany.co.uk/images/map-of-east-west-Germany.gif
• East Germany remained
under the domination of
the Soviet Union and did
not adopt democratic
institutions.
Rebuilding Efforts in Japan
• General MacArthur
headed the
occupation
government which
received aid from the
U.S., established a
democratic
government, and
resumed selfgovernment as a U.S.
ally.
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h62000/h62439.jpg
The establishment of the
United Nations
http://www.inetours.com/New_York/Images/UN/UN-Flags_8870.jpg
• The United Nations
was formed near the
end of World War II to
create a body for the
nations of the world to
try to prevent future
global wars.
The United Nations building in New York City.
There is a display of flags representing each
member country in front of the U.N. The flags
are in alphabetical order beginning with
Afghanistan and ending with Zimbabwe.
Rapid Growth of the U.S.
Following World War II, Americans
prospered due to an expanding economy
by America’s involvement in the war.
Reasons for rapid growth of the
U.S. economy after WWII
• With rationing of
consumer goods over,
businesses converted
from production of war
materials to consumer
goods.
• Americans purchased
goods on credit.
• What are consumer goods?
• Goods such as cars, television,
radios, clothes, and food that
people use and re-purchase.
http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/thumb_0/1085439585nw34jW.jpg
Reasons for rapid growth of the
U.S. economy after WWII
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://history.sandiego.edu/gen
1946 Strike outside of the Moline Company
in Minneapolis.
• The workforce shifted
back to men and most
women returned to
family responsibilities.
• Labor unions merged
and became more
powerful; workers
gained new benefits
and higher salaries.
Reasons for rapid growth of the
U.S. economy after WWII
• As economic
prosperity continued
and technology
boomed, the next
generation of women
re-entered the labor
force in large
numbers.
http://www.clomedia.com/images/CO0605_humancapfig3.gif
Democracy v. Communism
•
People Can Vote
•
•
Government has more control
Elections are held
•
People can not vote
•
People are treated equally
•
No elections are held
•
People have more control
•
Views of people are suppressed
•
There is freedom from corruption
•
Minorities’ views are not heard
•
There is respect for the voices of
minorities
•
Importance is given to ministers in the
government
•
Ministers represent the government
•
Equal sharing of wealth
•
People are not allowed to voice their opinions
•
Community owns major resources
•
Communism is a socio-economic structure that
promotes the establishment of an egalitarian,
classless, stateless structure of ownership.
•
Importance is given for individual rights
•
Ministers represent the people
•
People are allowed to voice their opinions
•
Government and individual people own
resources
•
Independent judges restore law and order
Vocabulary
• Cold War: state of tension between the U.S.
and Soviet Union without actual fighting that
divided the world into two camps.
• Domino Theory: stated by President
Eisenhower that the fall to Communism of one
country would cause a chain reaction of
Communist takeovers.
• McCarthyism: suspicions of Communists in the
1950’s by Senator McCarthy who said people
were Communists without any evidence.
Vocabulary
• Capitalism: economic system in which
individuals own and control factors of production
with little government intervention.
• Communism: economic system in which the
government owns or controls almost all means
of production.
• NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
formed in 1949 by democratic nations against
Soviet Union attacks.
• Warsaw Pact: organization formed in 1949 by
the Soviet Union and Communist eastern
European countries.
The Cold War
• The U.S. and Soviet Union emerged from
WWII as world powers, triggering a rivalry
over ideology and national security. The
tension between the free world and the
communist world caused divisiveness at
home and abroad.
Origins of the Cold War
• Differences in goals
and ideologies
between the U.S. and
the Soviet Union (two
superpowers.) The
U.S. was democratic
and capitalist and the
Soviet Union was
dictatorial and
communist.
http://astro.temple.edu/~barbday/Europe66/resources/coldwardivisionmap1.htm
Origins of the Cold War
• Soviet Union’s
domination over
Eastern European
countries; the U.S.
policy of containment.
http://jimriverreport.com/tdaxp_upload/stalins_new_map_md.jpg
Origins of the Cold War
• North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO)
versus the Warsaw
Pact
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/a/a4/450px-NATO_vs_Warsaw_(19491990).png
Borders of NATO (blue) and
the Warsaw Pact (red)
during the Cold War Era.
Class assignment
Using this map, label
the following
• Countries
• Nato Members
• Warsaw Pact
members
Using the map on
the back, label the
following
• Communist
Countries
• Democratic
Countires
Major conflicts in the post-WWII era
• Since WWII, the U.S. has been directly
involved in conflicts that reflected the
divisions caused by Cold War tensions
and hostilities.
• The Cold War was the central organizing
principle in foreign affairs for 40 years.
Vocabulary
• Stalemate- a situation during a conflict when
action stops because both sides are equally
powerful and neither will give in
• Cease-fire- an agreement to stop fighting
• DMZ- area where no military troops are
allowed to enter; a neutral zone
• Arms race-the competition between the
United States and the Soviet Union to build
more and more weapons in an effort to
surpass the other’s military strength
Vocabulary
• Nuclear- atomic
• Exile- Enforced removal from one's native
country
• Regime-governing authority
• Vietcong-Communists National Liberation
Front (NLF)
• Escalate- gradual increase
• Napalm-explosive that burned intensely
• Agent Orange-chemical herbicide
Vocabulary
• Draft-To select from a group for some
usually compulsory (mandatory) service
• Deferments- excused from the draft and
going to war
• Conscientious objectors- claimed their
moral or religious beliefs prevented them
from fighting in the war
Korean War
• At the end of WWII, US and Soviet Union
agreed divide Korea along the 38th parallel
of latitude.
• North Korea was communist and South
Korea was democratic
• June 25, 1950 North Korean troop invaded
South Korea
• South Korea was no match for North
Korean troops
Korean War
President
Truman
Gen. MacArthur
• President Truman
declared war
without asking
Congress
• Most UN troops
were American &
commanded by
Gen. Douglas
MacArthur
Korean War
• US troops pushed North Korean troops
back into North Korea
• July 1951 talks began
• July 1953 Cease-fire agreement finally
signed
• Demilitarized zone (DMZ) set up –area
between the two Koreas where no military
forces is allowed
Major conflicts in the post-WWII era
• South Korea and the
U.S. resisted Chinese
and North Korea
aggression. The
conflict ended in a
stalemate (no
winner.)
http://www.learnkoreanlanguage.com/images/KoreanWarMap.jpg
Bay of Pigs
• 1950’s US and Soviets engaged in a
nuclear arms race
• Both sides built up atomic bombs,
warheads, and guided missiles
• U.S. President John F. Kennedy
• Cuban Dictator Fidel Castro
• CIA used Cuban exiles to overthrow
Castro
Bay of Pigs
• Kennedy agreed with military advisors and
CIA
• April 17, 1961 exiles landed at Bay of
Pigs-Southern coast of Cuba
• Kennedy refused to provide American air
support
• Cuban forces crushed the invasion and
captured the survivors
Berlin Wall
• Germany is still unsettled 16 years after WWII
• Germans fleeing East Germany to the
democratic west
• Soviet mad
• Used troops to close border and erected the
Berlin War built of concrete blocks and barbed
wire
• Armed guards posted with orders to shoot to kill
anyone attempting escape
• Wall symbolizes Communist repression
Major conflicts in the post-WWII era
• The Cuban Missile
Crisis happened
when the Soviet
Union put missiles in
Cuba.
• The Soviets removed
the missiles in
response to a U.S.
•What do you think this cartoon means?
blockade.
•Why was the U.S. concerned about
http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw3584.gif
Soviet missiles in Cuba?
Cuban Missile Crisis
Vietnam War
• 1955 Ngo Dinh Diem with American
support became South Vietnam’s leader
• National Liberation Front (NLF) set up by
communists in response to Diem’s crack
down on Communism in South Vietnam
• President Kennedy sent Special Forces—
Green Berets– to train South Vietnamese
troops
Vietnam War
• Diem took away
Buddhist’s rights;
favored Catholics
• Buddhist’s monks set
themselves on fire in the
streets
• Kennedy could no
longer support Diem
• South Vietnamese army
overthrew and
assassinated Diem
Vietnam War
• At Kennedy’s death 16,000 American
troops were in Vietnam as advisors
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed gave
President Johnson broad authority to use
American forces
• Johnson escalated US involvement in
Vietnam
• 1965 to 1975 fighting escalates
Vietnam War
• North Vietnamese soldiers (Vietcong)
blended in with farmers making them hard
to identify
• US used chemicals to assist with the war
efforts
• At home, people fighting over whether or
not we should be in the war
• College aged people showed their
opposition through massive protests
Major conflicts in the post-WWII era
• The U.S. intervened
to stop the spread of
communism in South
Vietnam.
• Americans were
divided over our
involvement and the
conflict ended in a
cease-fire and U.S.
troops withdrew.
http://www.teara.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/69D2AEF4-9B4E-4BC9-A227-B278C0
http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ASIANOW/southeast/11/15/clinton.vietnam/map.vietnam.hanoi.jpg
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/southeast_asia_pol97.jpg
Korea
Vietnam
http://www.pupilvision.com/schoolmap/outlinemaps/world1.jpg
Reasons for the collapse of
communism in Europe
• The breakup of the Soviet Union into
independent countries.
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780198781646/01student/maps/break_up_USSR.jpg
Reasons for the collapse of
communism in Europe
• The destruction of the
Berlin Wall in 1989.
http://www.bdonline.co.uk/Pictures/web/s/u/h/Berlin-wallready.jpg
East and West German border guards join in
on the destruction of the Berlin Wall.
New Challenges
• The role of U.S.
military intervention:
Do we need to
interfere in the affairs
of other countries?
• What do you think? Is this
question still applicable today?
http://savecivilization.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/01/2007_01_09t054713_450x2
New Challenges
http://www.radford.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG140/envst.gif
• Environmental
challenges:
deforestation, clearing of
forests for logging or
farming, pollution of
oceans and freshwater by
chemicals, sewage,
fertilizers, and pesticides.
•
•
http://enews.toxicslink.org/im-info/Air.pollution_1.jpg
What issue concerning the
environment is popular today?
Global warming
New Challenges
• Global issues such as
the loss of jobs, trade
problems such as
protective tariffs,
disease, and energy.
Vocabulary
• Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944: known
as the G.I. Bill of Rights made low interest loans
and money for tuition and books available to
military veterans.
• Federal Highway Act: 1956; authorized a
system of interstate highways across the U.S.
• Changing demographics: the “baby boom” after
1946 caused the birth rate to increase for 20
years.
Vocabulary
• International Declaration of Human Rights:
Eleanor Roosevelt was the delegate to the
United Nations and was chairperson of the U.N.
commission that drafted this document.
• Immigration Act of 1965: abolished the process
of favoring immigrants from northern and
western Europe.
• Affirmative action: to give an equal opportunity
for employment to all races and cultures.
Vocabulary
• Civil Rights Act of 1964: prohibited employment
discrimination based on race, color, religion,
gender, or national origin.
• Economic Opportunity Act of 1964: helped
Americans with job training and employment,
established Head Start to help pre-school
children, the Job Corps to train school drop outs
and adults, and VISTA, the domestic peace
corps.
Changing patterns in U.S. Society
• Changing patterns in American society at
the end of World War II changed the way
most Americans lived and worked.
Factors leading to changing
patterns in U.S. society
• U.S. had a strong
economy (a healthy
job market, increased
productivity, and an
increased demand for
American products.)
Factors leading to changing
patterns in U.S. society
• Great investment in
education.
• How did the Serviceman’s
Readjustment Act of 1944, or
the G.I. Bill, help veterans
invest in their education?
http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/92.3/images/loss_fig06a.jpg
Factors leading to changing
patterns in U.S. society
• “Baby boom” led to
changing
demographics.
•
How will the “baby boomer”
generation affect subsequent
generations, especially as the
“baby boomers” begin to retire?
http://www.ed.gov/pubs/bbecho/images/page3.gif
Factors leading to changing
patterns in U.S. society
• Interstate highway
system.
Factors leading to changing
patterns in U.S. society
• Evolving role of
women (expected to
play a supporting role
in the family, but
increasingly working
outside the home.)
Factors leading to changing
patterns in U.S. society
• Role of Eleanor
Roosevelt in
expanding women’s
rights.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22
Factors leading to changing patterns
in U.S. society
• African American
aspirations for
equal
opportunities.
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=7546&rendTypeId=4
Martin Luther King, Jr (center) and other
Civil Rights supporters march on Washington,
D.C. in August of 1963.
Policies and programs expanding
educational and employment opportunities
• The G.I. Bill of Rights
gave educational,
housing, and
employment benefits
to WWII veterans.
http://www.gallagher.com/ww2/images/GI_Bill_of_Rights_29_176.jpg
Policies and programs expanding
educational and employment opportunities
• President Truman
desegregated the
armed forces.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.trumanlibrary.org/photos/71-2530
Policies and programs expanding
educational and employment opportunities
• Civil Rights legislation
led to increased
educational,
economic, and
political opportunities
for women and
minorities.
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/6/61/250px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_
President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act
Of 1964. Behind him is Martin Luther King, Jr.
Globalization
• Between the end of WWII and the present,
the world has been marked by an increase
in globalization and interdependence.
• Globalization is the linking of nations
through trade, information, technologies,
and communication.
• Globalization involves increased
integration of different societies.
Impact of globalization on
American life
• Improvement of all
communications
(i.e., travel,
telecommunications,
internet)
Impact of globalization on
American life
• Availability of a wide variety of
international goods and services.
• Outsourcing of jobs.
http://www.ejobdescription.com/images/JobsOutsourced.gif