Transcript File

Table of Contents
Chapter: Circulation
Section 1: The Circulatory System
Section 2: Blood
Section 3: The Lymphatic System
The Circulatory System
1
How Materials Move Through
the Body
• cardiovascular (kar dee oh VAS kyuh lur)
system – moves materials throughout body
• includes: heart,
kilometers of blood vessels,
blood
The Circulatory System
1
How Materials Move Through
the Body
• carry blood to every part of
body
• moves oxygen and nutrients
to cells
• carries carbon dioxide and
other wastes away
The Circulatory System
1
How Materials Move Through
the Body
• Diffusion (dih FYEW zuhn) - material moves
from an area of more
to an area of less
• Active transport - opposite of diffusion
The Circulatory System
1
The Heart
• made of cardiac muscle tissue
• four compartments called chambers
• atriums (AY tree umz) - two upper chambers
right and left
• ventricles (VEN trih kulz) - two lower
chambers
right and left
The Circulatory System
1
The Heart
• blood flows only in one direction
from an atrium to a ventricle,
then from a ventricle into a blood vessel
• A wall prevents
blood from
flowing between
the two atriums
or the two
ventricles.
Click box to view movie.
The Circulatory System
1
The Heart
• circulatory system is divided into three
sections –
coronary circulation,
pulmonary (PUL muh ner ee) circulation,
and systemic circulation.
• beating of heart controls blood flow through
each section
The Circulatory System
1
Coronary Circulation
• Coronary (KOR uh ner ee) circulation flow of blood to and from heart tissue
• heart attack – when
coronary circulation is
blocked
oxygen and nutrients
cannot reach all heart
cells
The Circulatory System
1
Pulmonary Circulation
• pulmonary circulation - flow of blood
through heart
to lungs
and back to heart
The Circulatory System
1
Pulmonary Circulation
The Circulatory System
1
Systemic Circulation
• systemic circulation
- Oxygen- rich blood
moves to all organs
and body tissues
• except heart and
lungs
• oxygen-poor blood
returns to heart
The Circulatory System
1
Systemic Circulation
• Oxygen-rich blood
flows from heart
in arteries
• nutrients and oxygen are delivered
by blood
to body cells
exchanged for carbon dioxide and wastes
• blood returns to heart
in the veins
The Circulatory System
1
Blood Vessels – Arteries
• Arteries - blood vessels
carry blood away from heart
• thick, elastic
walls
made of
connective tissue
and smooth
muscle tissue
The Circulatory System
1
Arteries
• Each ventricle of the heart
is connected to an artery
• Every time heart contracts,
blood is moved from heart
into arteries
The Circulatory System
1
Veins
• Veins - blood vessels
carry blood back to heart
• have one-way
valves
keep blood
moving
toward heart
The Circulatory System
1
Veins
• Two major veins
• superior vena cava - returns blood
from head and neck
• inferior vena cava – returns blood
from abdomen and lower body
The Circulatory System
1
Capillaries
• Capillaries – connects arteries and veins
microscopic blood vessels
• walls are only
one cell thick
The Circulatory System
1
Capillaries
• Nutrients and oxygen diffuse into cells
through thin capillary walls
• Waste materials and carbon dioxide diffuse
from body cells
into capillaries
The Circulatory System
1
Blood Pressure
• When heart pumps blood through circulatory
system,
pressure of the push
moves through blood
• blood pressure - force of blood
on walls of blood vessels
• highest in arteries
lowest in veins
The Circulatory System
1
Measuring Blood Pressure
• measured in large arteries
expressed by two numbers,
such as 120 over 80
• first number =
pressure caused
when ventricles
contract
and blood is pushed
out
• systolic (sihs TAH
lihk) pressure
The Circulatory System
1
Measuring Blood Pressure
• second number = pressure as ventricles fill
with blood
just before they contract again
diastolic (di uh
STAH lihk)
The Circulatory System
1
Cardiovascular Disease
• Any disease that affects the cardiovascular
system—the heart, blood vessels, and blood
• Heart disease is the leading cause of death
The Circulatory System
1
Atherosclerosis
• atherosclerosis (ah thuh roh skluh ROH sus) leading cause of heart disease
• fatty deposits build up on arterial walls
• If a coronary artery is blocked,
a heart attack can occur
The Circulatory System
1
Hypertension
• hypertension (HI pur TEN chun) - high blood
pressure
• When blood pressure is higher than normal,
extra strain is placed on the heart
The Circulatory System
1
Heart Failure
• heart cannot pump blood efficiently
• weakened by disease
or when heart valves do not work properly
• short of breath and tired
The Circulatory System
1
Preventing Cardiovascular
Disease
• Choices you make to maintain good health
may reduce your risk of future serious illness.
• Many diseases can be prevented by following
a good diet.
The Circulatory System
1
Preventing Cardiovascular
Disease
• Over weight - associated with heart disease
and high blood pressure
• Large amounts of body fat
force heart to pump faster
The Circulatory System
1
Preventing Cardiovascular
Disease
• Learning to relax
• Having a regular
program of exercise
can help prevent
tension
and relieve stress
The Circulatory System
1
Preventing Cardiovascular
Disease
• DO NOT smoke!
• causes blood
vessels to contract,
makes the heart
beat faster and
harder
Section Check
1
Question 1
The flow of blood to and from the tissues of
the heart is called _______.
A. atrium circulation
B. coronary circulation
C. pulmonary circulation
D. systemic circulation
Section Check
1
Answer
The correct answer is B. The beating of your
heart controls blood flow to and from the
tissues.
Section Check
1
Question 2
Which is the largest artery in your body?
Section Check
1
A. aorta
B. left atrium
C. pulmonary artery
D. superior vena cava
Section Check
1
Answer
The answer is A. Oxygen-rich blood is
pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta.
Section Check
1
Question 3
What is another name for high blood pressure?
A. atherosclerosis
B. heart failure
C. hemoglobin
D. hypertension
Section Check
1
Answer
The answer is D. One cause of hypertension is
atherosclerosis
Blood
2
Functions of Blood
• four important functions
• 1) carries oxygen from lungs
to all body cells.
carries carbon dioxide to lungs
to be exhaled
• 2 ) carries waste products from cells
to kidneys
to be removed
Blood
2
Functions of Blood
• 3) transports nutrients and other substances
to body cells
• 4) Cells and molecules fight infections
and help heal wounds
Blood
2
Parts of Blood
• made of 1) plasma (PLAZ muh),
2) platelets (PLAYT luts),
3) red & white blood cells.
• about 8%
of body's total mass
• 5 Liter bottles of blood
in an adult
Blood
2
Plasma
• Plasma - liquid part of blood
mostly water
• Nutrients, minerals,
and oxygen
are dissolved in plasma
and carried to cells
• Wastes from cells are
also carried in plasma.
Blood
2
Blood Cells
• hemoglobin (HEE muh gloh bun) - molecule
that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
• made of an iron compound
• gives blood its
red color
Blood
2
Blood Cells
• Red blood cells - life span about 120 days
• made at a rate of 2 to 3 million per second
in long bones
like the femur
• wear out and are destroyed
at about the same rate
Blood
2
Blood Cells
• White bloods cells - fight bacteria, viruses,
and other invaders
• leave blood
through
capillary walls
and go into
tissues that have
invaded
Blood
2
Blood Cells
• destroy bacteria and viruses
and absorb dead cells
• life span varies from a few days
to many months
Blood
2
Blood Cells
• Platelets - irregularly shaped cell fragments
help clot blood
• A drop of blood
can contain
400,000 platelets
• life span of five
to nine days
Blood
2
Blood Clotting
• platelets stick to wound
and release clotting factors
• carry out a
series of
chemical
reactions
Blood
2
Blood Clotting
• fibrin (FI brun) - threadlike fibers
form a sticky net
• traping escaping blood cells and plasma
and forms a clot
• clot becomes hard
• skin cells begin repair
process under scab
Blood
2
Blood Clotting
• hemophilia (hee muh FIH lee uh) - genetic
condition
• plasma lacks one of the clotting factors
• minor injury can be a life threatening
problem
Blood
2
Blood Types
• During a blood transfusion,
a person receives donated blood
or parts of blood
• If wrong type is given,
red blood cells will clump together
clots form in blood vessels
and person could die
Blood
2
The ABO Identification System
• four types of
blood: A, B,
AB, or O
• inherited
Blood
2
The ABO Identification System
• antigens (AN
tih junz) chemical ID
tags
on red blood
cells
of Types A,
B, and AB
Blood
2
The ABO Identification System
• Type O has
no antigens
Blood
2
The ABO Identification System
• specific antibodies in
plasma
• proteins that destroy
or neutralize
substances
that do not belong
Blood
2
The ABO Identification System
• certain blood types
cannot be mixed
Blood
2
The RH Factor
• also inherited
• Rh-positive (Rh+) - Rh factor is on red blood
cells
• Rh- negative (Rh-) – No Rh
Blood
2
The RH Factor
• antibodies from Rh- can cause Rh+ cells to
clump
• Clots form in blood vessels
and the person could die
Blood
2
The RH Factor
• When an Rh- mother is pregnant with an Rh+
baby, the mother might make antibodies to
the child's Rh factor.
• At 28 weeks of pregnancy and immediately
after the birth, an Rh- mother can receive an
injection that blocks the production of
antibodies to the Rh+ factor.
• These injections prevent this life-threatening
situation.
Blood
2
Diseases of Blood
• anemia (uh NEE mee uh) - common disease
of blood
• disease of red blood cells,
• body tissues can't get enough oxygen
Blood
2
Diseases of Blood
• sickle-cell anemia - misshapened red blood
cells
• clog capillaries
• Oxygen cannot
reach tissues served
and wastes cannot
be removed
Blood
2
Diseases of Blood
• Leukemia (lew KEE mee uh) - one or more
types of white blood cells
are made in excessive numbers
• immature and do not fight infections well
• fill bone marrow and crowd out normal cells
Blood
2
Diseases of Blood
• Medicines, blood transfusions, and bone
marrow transplants are treatments
• If not successful, the person eventually will
die from related complications
Section Check
2
Question 1
Which is made mostly of water?
A. hemoglobin
B. plasma
C. red blood cells
D. white blood cells
Section Check
2
Answer
The answer is B.
Plasma makes up about
55 percent of blood.
Section Check
2
Question 2
Explain what happens when skin is damaged.
Answer
When skin is damaged, a sticky blood clot
seals the leaking blood vessel. Eventually, a
scab forms to protect the wound from further
damage and allow it to heal.
Section Check
2
Question 3
Which can a person with blood type A receive
in a transfusion?
A. all
B. B
C. O
D. AB
Section Check
2
Answer
The answer is C. Type O blood has both A and
B antibodies, therefore a person with type A
blood can receive blood from a person with
type O blood.
The Lymphatic System
3
Functions of the Lymphatic System
• lymph (LIHMF) - tissue fluid after it diffuses
into lymphatic capillaries
• lymphatic (lihm FA tihk) system - carries
lymph
through a network of lymph capillaries
and larger lymph vessels
– removes excess tissue fluid
• Then drains into large veins
near heart
The Lymphatic System
3
Functions of the Lymphatic System
• Moved by contraction of smooth muscles
in lymph vessels
and skeletal muscles
• severe swelling occurs if lymphatic system is
not working properly,
because tissue fluid cannot get back to blood
The Lymphatic System
3
Functions of the Lymphatic System
• lymphocytes (LIHM fuh sites) - type of
white blood cell
in lymph
• help body defend itself
against disease causing organisms
The Lymphatic System
3
Lymphatic Organs
• Lymph nodes - filter
out microorganisms
and foreign materials
that have been taken
up by lymphocytes.
• bean-shaped organs
of varying sizes
found throughout
body
The Lymphatic System
3
Lymphatic Organs
• lymphocytes fill
lymph nodes when
your body fights
an infection
• become warm,
reddened, and
tender to touch
The Lymphatic System
3
Lymphatic Organs
• 1) lymph nodes,
2) tonsils,
3) thymus, and
4) spleen
important
lymphatic organs
• Tonsils protect
from harmful
microorganisms
The Lymphatic System
3
Lymphatic Organs
• thymus makes
lymphocytes that
travel to other lymph
organs
• spleen filters blood
by removing worn
out and damaged
red blood cells
The Lymphatic System
3
A Disease of the Lymphatic System
• HIV is a deadly virus.
• destroys lymphocytes called helper T cells
that help make antibodies to fight infections
• affects a person's immunity to some diseases
• Usually, the person dies from other diseases,
not from the HIV infection
Section Check
3
Question 1
Which is a function of the lymphatic system?
A. filtering blood
B. pumping blood throughout the body
C. removing excess tissue fluid from the body
D. removing nutrients from food
Section Check
3
Answer
The answer is C. Your body’s excess tissue
fluid is removed by the lymphatic system
Section Check
3
Question 2
Before lymph enters the blood, it passes
through _______.
A. arteries
B. capillaries
C. lymph nodes
D. veins
Section Check
3
Answer
The answer is C. Lymph nodes filter out
microorganisms and foreign materials that have
been taken up by lymphocytes.
Section Check
3
Question 3
Which is a disease of the lymphatic system?
A. atherosclerosis
B. blood clots
C. hypertension
D. HIV
Section Check
3
Answer
The answer is D. When HIV enters a person’s
body, it attacks and destroys lymphocytes
called helper T cells.
Help
To advance to the next item or next page click on any
of the following keys: mouse, space bar, enter, down or
forward arrow.
Click on this icon to return to the table of contents
Click on this icon to return to the previous slide
Click on this icon to move to the next slide
Click on this icon to open the resources file.
Click on this icon to go to the end of the presentation.
End of Chapter Summary File