Transcript Chapter 1 Intro_Body Orientation

1
HUMAN
ANATOMY
fifth edition
MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
presented by:
Dr. Peter Reonisto,
Moorpark College,
California
The Human
Body:
An
Orientation
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Benjamin Cummings
An Overview of Anatomy
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Anatomy
 The study of the structure of the human body
Physiology
 The study of body function
Anatomical terminology
 Based on ancient Greek or Latin
 Provides standard nomenclature worldwide
Branches of anatomy
 Gross anatomy
 Microscopic anatomy (histology)
 Surface anatomy
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An Overview of Anatomy
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Other branches of anatomy
 Developmental anatomy
 Embryology
 Pathological anatomy (pathology)
 Radiographic anatomy
 Functional morphology
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The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
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Figure 1.1
Systemic v. Regional Anatomy
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Systemic – study of anatomy by system
Regional – study of anatomy by region
Most students use a combination of regional and
systemic study
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Regional Terms
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Figure 1.4a
Integumentary System
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Forms external body covering
Protects deeper tissues from injury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Site of cutaneous receptors
 (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands
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Skeletal System
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Protects and supports body organs
Provides a framework for muscles
Blood cells formed within bones
Stores minerals
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Muscular System
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Allows manipulation of environment
Locomotion
Facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat
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Nervous System
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Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external changes
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Endocrine System
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Glands secrete hormones that regulate
 Growth
 Reproduction
 Nutrient use
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Cardiovascular System
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Blood vessels transport blood
 Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
 Also carries nutrients and wastes
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Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
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Lymphatic System/Immunity
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Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system
Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)
Mounts attack against foreign substances in the
body
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Respiratory System
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Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in
the lungs
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Digestive System
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Breaks down food into absorbable units
Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces
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Urinary System
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Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
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Male & Female Reproductive Systems
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Overall function is to produce offspring
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
Mammary glands produce milk
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Gross Anatomy – An Introduction
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Anatomical position – a common visual reference
point
 Person stands erect with feet together and eyes
forward
 Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed
away from the body (SUPINE)
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Directional terminology – refers to the body in
anatomical position
 Standardized terms of directions are paired terms
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Gross Anatomy – An Introduction (Regional terms)
Regional terms – names of
specific body areas
 Axial region – the
main axis of the body
 Appendicular region
– the limbs
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Figure 1.3
Orientation and Directional Terms
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Table 1.1 (1 of 3)
Orientation and Directional Terms
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Table 1.1 (2 of 3)
Orientation and Directional Terms
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Table 1.1 (3 of 3)
Body Planes and Sections
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Coronal (frontal) plane
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Median (midsagittal) plane
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Lies vertically and divides
body into anterior and
posterior parts
Specific sagittal plane that lies
vertically in the midline
Transverse plane
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Runs horizontally and
divides body into
superior and inferior
parts
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Figure 1.5
Oblique Section Through the Trunk
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Figure 1.6
Banana Sectioned into Planes
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Figure 1.7
The Human Body Plan
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Tube-within-a-tube
Bilateral symmetry
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Notochord and vertebrae
Segmentation
Pharyngeal pouches (gills!)
Post-anal tail (at some point in development)
Characteristics common to all vertebrates
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Basic Human Body Plan and Structures
Shared with all Vertebrates
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Figure 1.8a
Basic Human Body Plan and Structures
Shared with all Vertebrates
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Figure 1.8b
Basic Human Body Plan and Structures
Shared with all Vertebrates
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Figure 1.8c
Body Cavities and Membranes
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Dorsal body cavity
 Cranial cavity
 Vertebral cavity
Ventral body cavity
 Thoracic cavity – divided into
three parts
 Two lateral parts each
containing a lung
surrounded by a pleural
cavity
 Mediastinum – contains
the heart surrounded by the
pericardial sac
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Abdominopelvic cavity –
divided into two parts
 Abdominal cavity –
contains the liver,
stomach, kidneys, and
other organs
 Pelvic cavity – contains
the bladder, some
reproductive organs, and
rectum
Figure 1.9a
Body Cavities and Membranes
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Figure 1.9b
Body Cavities and Membranes
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Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined by a
serous membrane
 Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
 Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity
 Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs
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Body Cavities and Membranes
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Figure 1.10a, b
Body Cavities and Membranes
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Figure 1.10c
Body Cavities and Membranes
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Figure 1.10d
Body Cavities and Membranes
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Other cavities
 Oral cavity
 Nasal cavity
 Orbital cavities
 Middle ear cavities
 Synovial cavities
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Other Body Cavities
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Figure 1.11
Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
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Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine
regions
Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into
four quadrants
 Right upper and left upper quadrants
 Right lower and left lower quadrants
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Abdominal Regions
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Figure 1.12a, b
Abdominal Quadrants
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Figure 1.12c
Microscopic Anatomy
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Microscopy – examining small structures through
a microscope
 Light microscopy illuminates tissue with a beam
of light (lower magnification)
 Electron microscopy uses beams of electrons
(higher magnification)
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Microscopic Anatomy
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Figure 1.13
Microscopic Anatomy
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Preparing human tissue for microscopy
 Specimen is fixed (preserved) and sectioned
 Specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical
structures
 Acidic stain – negatively charged dye molecules
 Basic stain – positively charged dye molecules
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Microscopic Anatomy
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Scanning electron microscopy
 Heavy metal salt stain – deflects electrons in the
beam to different extents
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Artifacts
 Minor distortions of preserved tissues
 Not exactly like living tissues and organs
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Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical
Imaging Techniques
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X ray – electromagnetic waves of very short
length
 Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense
structures
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Figure 1.14
Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical
Imaging Techniques
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Variations of X ray
 Fluoroscope – images are viewed on a fluorescent
screen
 Allows viewing of internal organs as they move
 Cineradiography – uses X-ray cinema film to
record organ movements
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Advanced X-Ray Techniques
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Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) –
takes successive X rays around a person's full
circumference
 Translates recorded information into a detailed
picture of the body section
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Advanced X-Ray Techniques
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Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) imaging
provides an unobstructed view of small arteries
 DSA is often used to identify blockages of arteries
that supply the heart or brain
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Advanced X-Ray Techniques
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Positron emission tomography (PET) – forms
images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected
into the body
Sonography (ultrasound imaging) – body is
probed with pulses of high-frequency sound waves
that echo off the body's tissues
 Imaging technique used to determine the age of a
developing fetus
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Advanced X-Ray Techniques
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – produces
high-quality images of soft tissues
 Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water
content
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Figure 1.19a
1
HUMAN
ANATOMY
fifth edition
MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
presented by:
Dr. Peter Reonisto,
Moorpark College,
California
END
The Human
Body:
An
Orientation
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Benjamin Cummings