Transcript RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FOR USE WITH LABx

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
What is the function of the
Respiratory System?
Vocabulary #4
1. Respiration
• The exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide between the cells of the body
& the external environment
2. Thoracic cage (rib cage)
• Consists of the sternum, ribs & costal
(rib) cartilages; bound anteriorly by
sternum & posteriorly by 12 thoracic
vertebrae
3.True ribs
• Ribs #1-7; attach directly to the
sternum through cartilage
4. False ribs
• Ribs # 8-10; attach indirectly to the
sternum through the costal cartilage of
the 7th rib
5. Floating ribs
• Ribs 11 & 12; have not anterior
attachment
Vocabulary #4
6. Thoracic vertebrae
• 12 vertebrae immediately inferior to the cervical vertebrae in the
vertebral column
7. Sternum
• Long, flat bone in middle of anterior chest wall; 3 parts are
manubrium, body & xiphoid process
8. Upper respiratory tract
• Consists of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx
9. Lower respiratory tract
• Made up of the trachea, and bronchial tree
Vocabulary #4
10. Nasal cavity
• The internal portion of the nose; it
warms, filters, and moistens the air
we breathe
11. Oral cavity
• The mouth; another place where
breathing can take place
12. Pharynx
• The throat; extends from the nasal
cavity to the larynx and serves as a
passageway for both digestive &
respiratory systems
13. Larynx
• Enlargement at the top of the
trachea; passageway for air &
houses the vocal cords
Vocabulary #4
14. Trachea
• Rigid tube that connects larynx
to the bronchial tree;
passageway for air & filters air
15. Bronchial Tree
• Branched tubes that lead from
trachea to alveoli; filters air
16. Lungs
• Soft cone-shaped organs that
occupy most of the thoracic
cavity; contain air passages,
alveoli & blood vessels.
• Gas exchange occurs in the
alveoli of the lungs
Number the page 1-6 & fill in blanks
(start from the top)
Respiratory System Function
• Supply oxygen (O2) to
the cells of the body
• Eliminate Carbon Dioxide
(CO2) from the body
The Thoracic Cage (Rib Cage)
• Rib Cage
 True Ribs (1-7)
 False Ribs (8-10)
 Floating Ribs (11 & 12)
• Sternum
• Costal Cartilage
• Thoracic Vertebrae
Structures of Respiration
• Upper Respiratory Tract
 Nasal cavity
 Oral cavity
 Pharynx
 Larynx
• Lower Respiratory Tract
 Trachea
 Bronchial tree
Upper Respiratory Tract:
Pharynx
•The throat
•Extends from the
nasal cavity to the
larynx
•Serves as a
passageway for both
digestive &
respiratory systems
Upper Respiratory Tract:
Larynx
• Enlargement at the top
of the trachea
• Passageway for air
• Houses the vocal cords
Lower Respiratory Tract:
Trachea
•Rigid tube that
connects larynx to
the bronchial tree
• Passageway for air
• Filters air
Lower Respiratory Tract:
Bronchial Tree
•Branched tubes that
lead from trachea to
alveoli
•Filters air
Visceral & Parietal Pleura
•Visceral pleura covers
the lungs
•Parietal pleura lines
the thoracic wall
Pleural Cavity
•Contains a small
amount of pleural
fluid which has 3 main
functions:
• Lubrication
• Reducing heat build-up
• Create surface tension
to cause lung to remain
against the thoracic wall
Mechanics of Respiration
•Change in thoracic volume
•Move the ribs
•Move the diaphragm
•Air flows from high to low pressure
•Difference of pressure in the air vs. the
alveoli
•Boyles Law- pressure-volume relationship in
gasses.
LUNG VOLUMES
1. TIDAL VOLUME (TV) : AMOUNT OF AIR NORMALLY
ENTERING & LEAVING LUNGS (~ 500 mL)
2. INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV):
AMOUNT OF AIR FORCIBLY INHALED
AFTER
NORMAL INSPIRATION. (~ 3,000 mL)
3. EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV):
AMOUNT OF AIR FORCIBLY EXHALED
AFTER
NORMAL EXPIRATION. (~ 1,000 mL)
4. VITAL CAPACITY (VC): LARGEST AMOUNT OF AIR
ENTERING & LEAVING LUNGS (~ 5,000 mL)
5. RESIDUAL VOLUME (RV): AIR REMAINING IN
LUNGS (ie TRAPPED IN ALVEOLI !!) (~ 1,000 mL)
SPIROMETER
* DEVICE TO MEASURE LUNG VOLUMES
tidal volume
Mechanics of Respiration:
Change in Thoracic Volume
Inspiration
•Ribs elevate
•Diaphragm moves
down (contracts)
•Thoracic cavity
enlarges
•Air is pulled into lungs
The Thoracic Cage Movement:
Inspiration
Expiration
•Ribs move down
•Diaphragm moves up
(relaxes)
•Thoracic cavity gets
smaller
•Air is pushed out of
lungs
The Thoracic Cage Movement:
Expiration
Respiratory Muscles
• Accessory
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Scalenes
• Principal
• External intercostals
• Internal intercostals
• Diaphragm
• Quiet breathing
• Active breathing
• Internal intercostals
• Rectus abdominis
• Internal/external obliques
Respiratory System Pathway
Breathe in O2…
• Oxygen travels from nose/mouth
to:
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Pharynx (throat)
Larynx (vocal chords)
Trachea
Bronchial Tree
Alveoli
• At Alveoli oxygen (O2) diffuses into
bloodstream & attaches to red
blood cells
• O2 travels to cells of the body
• Energy is created & CO2 is the
waste product
• CO2 attaches to the red blood cells
& travels back to the lungs
• CO2 diffuses back into the alveoli
of the lungs
• CO2 travels from alveoli to:
• Bronchial tree
• Trachea
• Larynx
• Pharynx
• Nose/Mouth
Breathe out CO2…
Systemic Blood Flow
Effects of Elevation on Respiration
• Whether at sea level or on a high mountain the atmosphere holds
about 21% O2
• When elevation increases atmospheric pressure decreases (O2
molecules farther apart)
• At high elevations each breath brings in only half the number of O2
molecules (lungs work twice as hard)
• Body responds by:
• Increasing number of red blood cells to carry O2
• Increase production of enzyme that transfers O2 to tissues
• Elevation training due to adaptions
Effects of Exercise on Respiration
• Improves your Vital capacity (TV + IRV + ERV)
• Greater movement of air through the lungs
• Diaphragm and the intercostal muscles get stronger which helps to
increase chest size
• Increases blood flow to your lungs (allowing the lungs to deliver
more oxygen into the blood)
• More capillaries are formed around the alveoli so that more gas
exchange can take place
Respiratory Disorders:
Pneumonia
• Lung inflammation
• Mechanism
• Bacterial, viral, or fungal infection
• Signs & Symptoms
• Flu-like symptoms
• Cough
• Fever
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Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Headache
Fatigue
• Care
• Antibiotics
• Antivirals
• Fever reducers (acetaminophen
commonly known as Tylenol)
• Cough medication
• Rest w/plenty of fluids
Respiratory Disorders:
Sleep Apnea
• Sleeping disorder
• Mechanism
• Abnormal pauses in breathing or abnormally low
breathing during sleep depriving body of oxygen
• Signs & Symptoms
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Daytime fatigue
Insomnia
Poor concentration/attention
Memory problems
Anxiety
Irritability
Headaches
• Care
• Non surgical
• Weight loss
• Stop smoking
• CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)
mask
• Surgical
• Tissue removal
Respiratory Disorders:
Hiccups
• Mechanism
• Diaphragm spasms taking in air
• Intake of air stopped by closure of
the vocal cords (glottis)
• Caused by:
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Eating too much food too quickly
Drinking too much alcohol
Swallowing too much air
Smoking
Emotional stress or excitement
• Care
• Holding breath
• Breathing into paper bag
• Drinking a glass of water
Respiratory Disorders:
Strep Throat
• Pharyngitis (inflammation of
the pharynx)
• Mechanism
• Streptococcus bacteria
• Sign & Symptoms
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Fever
Sore throat
Headache
Nausea
• Care
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Antibiotics
Rest
Gargle with warm salt water
Over the counter pain medication
such as Tylenol (Acetaminophen)