Transcript Slide 1 - Cengage

Chapter 14
Circulation and Blood Vessels
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Blood Circulation
• Major circulatory systems
– Cardiopulmonary circulation
– Systemic circulation
• Specialized circulatory systems
– Coronary circulation
– Portal circulation
– Fetal circulation
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Cardiopulmonary Circulation
• Deoxygenated blood from the heart flows to
the lungs, where carbon dioxide is
exchanged for oxygen
• Oxygenated blood then returns to the heart
• Review of blood flow through the heart and
lungs
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Figure 14-1 Systemic and
pulmonary circulation
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Figure 14-2 Cardiopulmonary circulation
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Systemic Circulation
• Circulates nutrients, oxygen, water, and
secretions
• Carries away waste products
• Helps equalize body temperature
• Aids in protecting the body from harmful
bacteria
• The aorta and its branches
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Coronary Circulation
• Brings oxygenated blood to the heart
muscle
• Right and left branches of the coronary
artery
• Exchange of oxygen and waste occurs at
capillary level
• Deoxygenated blood returns through the
coronary veins to the coronary sinus
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Portal Circulation (1 of 2)
• A branch of the general circulation
• Veins from the pancreas, stomach, small
intestine, colon, and spleen empty their
blood into the hepatic portal vein, which
goes to the liver
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Portal Circulation (2 of 2)
• Liver ensures that the blood’s glucose
concentration is kept within a relatively
narrow range
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14-4 Hepatic portal system
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Fetal Circulation
• Occurs in the unborn baby (fetus)
• Fetus obtains oxygen and nutrients from the
mother’s blood, not through its own lungs
and digestive system
• The fetal blood does not mix with the
mother’s blood; the exchange of gases,
food, and waste occurs through the placenta
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Blood Vessels
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
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Arteries (1 of 2)
• Carry oxygenated blood away from the
heart to capillaries (exception – pulmonary
arteries)
• Layers of the walls
– Tunica adventitia or externa
– Tunica media
– Tunica intima
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Arteries (2 of 2)
• Aorta leads away from the heart and
branches into smaller arteries
• Smaller arteries branch into arterioles
• Arterioles give rise to the capillaries
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Capillaries (1 of 2)
•
•
•
•
Smallest blood vessels
Can only be seen through a microscope
Connect the arterioles and venules
Muscle and connective tissue disappear and
they become a simple endothelial cell layer
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Capillaries (2 of 2)
• Selective permeability
• Control of blood flow by precapillary
sphincters
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Veins (1 of 2)
• Carry deoxygenated blood away from the
capillaries to the heart
• Layers of the walls
– Tunica externa
– Tunica media
– Tunica intima
• Walls much thinner than arteries
– Do not have to withstand as much pressure
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Veins (2 of 2)
• Veins have valves so blood flows in one
direction
– Toward the heart
• Largest vein is the vena cava
• Superior vena cava returns blood from the
upper part of the body
– Inferior vena cava returns blood from the lower part of the
body
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Venous Return (1 of 2)
• Valves help keep venous blood moving
• Skeletal muscles contract to push venous
blood along its path
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Venous Return (2 of 2)
• Pressure changes occur when we breath,
which helps bring venous blood back to the
heart
• Stationary positioning can decrease flow
back to the heart for oxygenation, can cause
drowsiness
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Blood Pressure
•
•
•
•
Systolic blood pressure
Diastolic blood pressure
Pulse pressure
Normal values
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Pulse
• Alternating expansion and contraction of an
artery as blood flows through it
• Can feel pulsating beat at certain points on
the body
• Should be the same as the heart rate
• Can feel the pulse on the body where the
artery is near the surface of the skin and
over a bone
– These are called pulse points
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Pulse Points (1 of 2)
•
•
•
•
Brachial artery
Common carotid artery
Femoral artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
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Pulse Points (2 of 2)
•
•
•
•
Popliteal artery
Radial artery
Temporal artery
Pressure points can be used to stop bleeding
distal to the pulse point
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Effects of Aging
• Arteries become less elastic, dilated and
elongated
• Systolic BP increases due to reduced
elasticity
• Baroreceptors become rigid and less
sensitive to pressure changes, causing
postural hypotension (orthostatic)
– Can correct many congenital heart defects
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Disorders of Circulation and Blood
Vessels (1 of 2)
•
•
•
•
•
Aneurysm
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Gangrene
Phlebitis or thrombophlebitis
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Disorders of Circulation and Blood
Vessels (2 of 2)
•
•
•
•
•
Embolism
Varicose veins
Hemorrhoids
Cerebral hemorrhage
Peripheral vascular disease
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Disorders of the Blood Vessels
(1 of 3)
• Hypertension
– Normal
– Less than 120/80
– Pre-hypertension
– 120–130/80–89
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Disorders of the Blood Vessels
(2 of 3)
• Stage I hypertension
– 140–159/90–99
• Stage II hypertension
– 160 and above/100 and above
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Disorders of the Blood Vessels
(3 of 3)
•
•
•
•
White coat hypertension
Hypotension
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
Cerebral vascular accident (CVA)
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Hypoperfusion
• Inadequate flow of blood carrying oxygen
to the organs and body systems
• Hypoperfused tissue will stop working
properly
• Main causes of hypoperfusion
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