Transcript Role of Botanicals against Stored Product Insects

Food protection and Role
Role
of
Botanicals
against
of Insects in Food
Stored
Product Insects
infestation
By
Dr. GURUPRASAD B.R
Young Scientist (DST)
FPIC
CSIR-CFTRI
Insects
Inside and Out
Insects
More than 100,000
species of insects are
found almost
everywhere in India,
but very few are
harmful. Insects are
important to the food
chain, pollination,
honey, wax, shellac,
silk, food,
scavenging, and
Lady beetle adult and larva good or bad?
Let's examine which insects are "good"
and which ones are "bad". Are lady
beetles good or bad? Well, they are good
when they eat aphids, but bad when
hundreds collect inside your house.
Honey bees - good or bad?
Are honey bees good or bad? They are good
when
they pollinate and produce honey, but bad when
Termites - good or bad?
© 1998-2003 Troy Bartlett
They are bad when they eat the wood in
your house, but good when they break
down dead and fallen trees.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
In school we learned
that animals are
divided into
smaller and smaller
groups. Let's look
where insects fit in
the animal kingdom.
From top to bottom,
each category has
fewer species, and
the groups of
animals within each
category are
increasingly similar.
Kingdom- animal
Phylum arthropod
Class - insect
Order - diptera
Family muscidae
Genus - Musca
species domestica
Using the house fly as
an example.
Notice the genus
and species is the
official scientific
name of the
animal. This
name is valid in
any country of
the world and is
an important way
to avoid
confusion. This
two-word Latin
naming system
was developed in
1758 and has
hardly changed
House Fly
Musca = fly
domestica = home
Scientific names are always two words. The
first part of the name (Genus) is always
capitalized. This lets us know that it is the
genus. The second name is always in lower
case and is usually descriptive of the insect
in some manner. Because these words are in
Latin, they are always italicized (or
underlined which substitutes for italics).
Skeeter Hawk
Cicada
Cow Killer
Locust
Velvet ant
Locust
External
Anatomy
Adult insects are known for having three major
body regions, six legs, one pair of antennae and
usually two pair of wings as adults.
head
thorax
abdomen
Adult insects develop as a composite of fused
segments
with specific body part associations.
from the 1995 Physiology or Medicine Nobel Poste
antennae
compound
eyes
The first body
region is the
head. Insect
heads can be
highly variable,
but most possess
eyes, antennae
and mouthparts.
HEAD
head
mouthparts
Antennae
beetle
butterfly
fly
ant
termite
June beetle
Antennae are used by insects as major sensory
devices, especially for smell, and can be adaptive for
the insect in many ways.
Two Examples of Mouthparts
chewing
piercing/sucking
Insect mouthparts are also highly modified for the
insect. Chewing, biting, or sucking, are a few examples.
Mouthparts of an immature insect may differ from
those of the same insect in its adult stage.
Picture of bodyparts
The middle body region
is called the thorax and
is composed of three
fused segments. All legs
and wings are located on
the thorax.
Thorax
swimming
digging
suction
Legs
grasping
Like the mouthparts and
antennae, insect legs are
quite
variable in form and
function and reflect the
The last body region is
called the abdomen. It is
composed of many
segments connected by
flexible sections allowing
it great movement.
Abdomen
Insects possess an exterior covering called the
exoskeleton. They do not have internal bones.
This segmented "shell" is what gives insects
shape and can be very hard in some insects. It
is often covered with a waxy layer and may
have "hairs" called setae.
seta ( hair)
waxy layer
Exoskeleton x-sec
Internal Anatomy
Digestive System
foregut
hindgut
Digestive sys
midgut
The digestive system is a tube that opens at the mouth and
empties at the tail end of the insect. It is divided into three
parts called the foregut, midgut, and hind gut. In some insects
such as the honey bee, the foregut acts as a crop to carry or
hold liquids which can be regurgitated later.
Circulatory System
“ heart ”
aortic pumps
Circ system
The circulatory system is not composed of a central heart, veins
and arteries which circulate blood cells and transport oxygen.
The insect circulatory system is a simple tube down the back
which is open at both ends and slowly pulses body fluids and
nutrients from the rear of the insect to the head.
two lobed brain
Nervous system
nerve bundles
Nervous System
(ganglia)
The Respiratory system is composed of air
sacs and tubes called tracheae. Air enters
the tubes through a series of openings
called spiracles found along the sides of
the body. The largest spiracles are usually
found on the thorax where greater
musculature from wings and legs require
more oxygen. There are no spiracles on
the head.
tracheal
tubes
spiracles
Respiratory
Life
Cycles
Complete Metamorphosis
Eggs
2. Larvae
3. Pupae
4. Adult
1.
egg
Without Metamorphosis
nymphs
adult
Without meta
The first type is "without" metamorphosis
which the wingless primitive orders such as
silverfish .The young resemble adults except
Incomplete Metamorphosis
egg
naiads
adult
Incomplete meta
The second type is "incomplete" metamorphosis
which is found among the aquatic insect orders
such as mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and dragonflies
(Odonata).
Gradual Metamorphosis
The third type is "gradual" metamorphosis seen in such orders
as the grasshoppers (Orthoptera), termites (Isoptera), thrips
(Thysanoptera), and true bugs (Hemiptera). This life cycle
starts as an egg, but each growth, or nymphal stage looks
similar, except it lacks wings and the reproductive capacity that
the adult possesses.
Gradual meta
egg
nymphs
adult
Complete Metamorphosis
egg
larvae
pupa
adult
Insects – prevalent features of our
environment
• Number of species;
• Interactions in
ecosystems and
with us;
• Our major competitors.
Supply of Food in Nature
Crop production in India (Million tonnes)
Source: PHD Research Bureau, compiled from Ministry of Agriculture
Introduction
• United nations predicts 1.3 billion tons of
food is lost Globally every year.
• The current world population expected :
10.5 Billion by 2050
The above food loss, if managed / prevented,
can feed future generations ?
Food Supplies would need to increase by
60% in order to meet the food demand in
2050.
(Gustavsson et al, 2011)
Food storage losses in India
Annual Storage losses have been
estimated 14-million tones of Food
grains worth of 7000 crores every year.
Post –harvest losses
Storage alone 8 %
1. INSECTS : 2.5 – 4.8 %
2. RODENTS : 2.70 %
3. BIRDS : 0.85 %
4. MOISTURE : 0.68 %
Source: TNAU
Major losses of Stored food by pests In
India
80% of human food comes from grains
The storage losses to insects alone
account for nearly Rs 1,300 crores
annually
Postharvest losses in India amount to 12
to 16 million metric tonnes of food grains
annually.
Source: World Bank report 2013
Food losses vary by the stage of supply chain across countries
25
20
Developed Countries
Developing Countries
%
15
10
5
0
On Field
Source: Gustavsson et. al (2011)
Handling & Processing and Distrubtion
Storage
Packaging
Consumption
Grain Moisture

12-18% moisture is conducive for insects

Some species can infest 9-10% moisture grain (larger grain borer on
corn)

At 15% moisture or higher, molds infect grain
Conceptual frame work for estimating food losses
Post –Harvest Food Losses
Harvesting
Food
Storage
Insects
Processing
Removal
Discard
Molds
Visual
Season
Shrink
Shrinkge
Moisture
Spoilage Poor Decision
Moisture handlg
Mechanizat Temp
Transpt
ions
Handle
losses,
Transpt
Poor
Time
package
Packaging
Sales
Consumption
InfraImproper Structure,
package, Poor
Lack &
inventory,
failure of Improper
package, portiong,
Transpt
Seasonal
losses
Items,
Temp
Left over,
Expire
dates,
Bulk
purchase.
Poor
positiong
Food availability and accessibility
can be increased
1. Increasing Production
2. Improving distribution
3. Reducing the Losses
(Gustavsson et al, 2011)
Difference between rats
Fecal matter of the Rats
Structure of Rats
Foot prints of the Rats
What are stored product insects?
Insects which infest durable stored products
Insects associated with food and infest our food
materials especially in storage conditions
Durable products such as
Grains
Pulses, Nuts, Dried fruits, Dried herbs and spices
etc; (products with low moisture content)
Stored Products food infested
 600 species of beetles
 70 species of moths
 355 mites , 40 species of Rodents
 150 species of fungi
Important SPI
1. Coleoptera or beetles
2. Lepidoptera or moths
3. Psocoptera or book/bark lice
Key for Larvae
Head capsule
Present
Absent
Fly
Prolegs
Present
MOTH
Prolegs absent
BEETLE
Identification of Common Pests of Stored Grain
Where do the pests come from ?
For Example: If the pest is found in a package
/storage site/a food factory
 Introduced together with the raw product
 Present as a part of residual infestation in
machinery / hiding spaces in building
 Entered through openings being attracted
from outside
 Prolonged Transportation
Proposed Origin
Mostly tropical or subtropical in origin.
1. Coleoptera or beetles:
a. Under bark of trees
b. Seeds
c. Ripened fruits
d. Wood shoot e. fungi and moulds
2. Lepidoptera or moths:
a. leaf litter
b. nests of wasps and birds
Many storage pests have been associated with
the humans.
Indian Meal Moth Population Build-up
1,000,000,000
1,000,000,000
100,000,000
1,000,000
10,000
Adult Female
22,500
45,000
100,000
3,375,000
6,750,000
10,000,000
Eggs
100
150
300
1,000
1
1
10
Day 1
Day 60
Day 120
Day 180
One female lays 300 eggs that mature into 150
females in 60 days under ideal conditions.
From 1 Female to 1 Billion Eggs in 180 Days
Red Flour Beetle:Tribolium castaneum
Adult live for 4-10
months,3-4mm long,
strong flier,
Egg: 450-500/F
Hatch in 5-6 days
Larval period 4-10 wks
Life cycle: 4-12 months
Temp: Max 40oC Min
20oC RH: >1%
Secretes methyl and
ethyl Benzoquinones
(which are Cancercausing) and volatile
compounds from
Thoracic and Abdomen
glands
Saw-toothed Grain Beetle
Oryzaephilus surinamensis
Adult: 2.54 mm,
Presence of six saw tooth in
Thorax
Life span:1-3 years
300 eggs / F hatch in 3-6
days
Larva:3-3.3 mm
Pupal period: 8-25 days
Life Cycle: 27-25 days
Temp: Max:38oC,
Min: 18oC
But never flies
Cosmopoltian
Pulse Beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis)
Adult :3-4mm long
Larva: 5-6mm long
Larval period 10-38 days
Pupal stage : 4-28 days
Eggs : 250 eggs : 1-37 per day
Egg period : 6-16 days
Life span : 5-15 days.
Lesser Grain Borer: Rhyzopertha dominica
Rice Weevil :Sitophilus oryzae
Adult live for 3-6mths,
2.5- 4 mm long,
Egg: 150/F
Hatch
Larval period 4-10 wks,
legless
Life cycle: 4-12months
Temp: Max 15-34oC
RH: >40%
Male:short
Snout
irregular
pits;
Female:
long Snout
regular pits
Trogoderma granarium





Family: Dermestidae.
700 species.
3 categories:
 breed only on animal protein (Dermestes
spp.)
 breed on plant and animal materials
(Trogoderma spp.)
 breed on cereals and cereal products
(Trogoderma spp.).
Trogoderma granarium (Khapra beetle).
Serious pest of stored grain.
Rice Weevil :Sitophilus oryzae
Adult:6-10 days
7-9 mm long,
Egg: 150-200/F
Hatch- 3 days
Larval period 4-10 wks,
legless
Life cycle: 4-12 days
Temp: Max 15-35oC
RH: 25-90%
Fore wings are bicoloured, Labial palps pointing
forward
Larvae of the beetles associated with stored products
Apodous
Larvae
Eruciform
Larvae
Elateriform Larvae
Campodeifom Larvae
Scarabaeiform
Relative weight losses caused by different species during their
lifetime
Insect species
Diet
T.castaneum
Flour
R.dominica
Wheat
S.granarius
Wheat
O.surinamensis Oats
S. oryzae
Wheat
P.interpunctela Maize
(Indian meal moth )
Weight Loss (mg)
Larva
Adult
13
5
19
2
07
34
315
149
67
33
25
----
Total
328
154
86
35
32
34
Features of Stored-Product
Beetles
Adults can live between 2
months and a year
 Mate multiple times
 Both adults and larvae cause
damage
 Females lay eggs throughout
their adult life

Features of Stored-Product Moths
Adults live 6-8 days
Only larvae cause damage
Eggs by females are laid within 6
days
May mate 1-3 times
Types of losses due to pests
Direct
Indirect
Direct losses
– Actual consumption
• loss of weight,
• loss of nutrients,
• lower germination,
• reduced grade
• lower market value
– Contamination
– Damage to structures or containers
Indirect losses
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
wet grain heating
bacteria
fungi
alflatoxins
parasites of humans
control and application costs
excessive pesticide residues
loss of consumer confidence
Management of Stored Food Pests
Objective:
Prevent contamination from causing rejection
• Monitor Pest Population
• Control through non-chemical means if
possible
• Use Chemicals as a last resort (they can
cause rejection too).
Inspection and
Monitoring
• Survey areas where insect pests can
enter facility
• Windows and doors should be tight to
prevent entry when closed
• Vegetation (fruit and nut trees) can
cause pests to proliferate close to the
building
• Weeds can provide harborage
Pheromone Trap
Trapping
• Traps for all but flour beetles should be placed
about 6 feet up. Flour beetle traps should be
placed level on floor or shelves
• Do not place close to windows and doors to
prevent luring insects into facility
• Pinpoint problem areas, then visually inspect to
find infestation
• Routinely service to replace attractants and
clean or change sticky traps
Information from Trapping
• Monitoring—new introductions,
isolate current problems
• Looking at setae on back of a beetle,
can determine food it was in.
IPM: Management Tactics
• Non-chemical control
–Sanitation—
–Physical—
–Cultural—
• Many of the non-chemical
control methods are
PREVENTATIVE
–Biological Control: ?
IPM: Management Tactics
Judicious use of insecticides
Examples of treatment plans,
associated application equipment,
formulations available and some
products
Common Facilities with Stored Product
Pests
• Warehouses
• Stores
• Homes
• Bins will be covered in the lab