Transcript the kidneys - ETRA

Aune Greggas
HYGIENE
Health
Education
&
Tobacco
Intervention
Program
in Nepal
2010
Hygiene
Kidneys
Endocrine system
Immune system
Bacteria and virus
Ecosystems
Aune Greggas
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• In the body there are
two kidneys, one on
the left side behind
the stomach, one on
the right side behind
the stomach.
• The kidneys help to
keep the water
balance in the body.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urinary_system.svg
KIDNEYS
Urinary system.
• The most important
substance for life is water.
Where there is no water
there is no life. Every living
cell needs water.
• There is not water only
inside the cell. There is lots
of water in the body outside
the cells, in blood, brains etc.
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Water
There is no life
without water.
• An average adult needs
about 2,5 liters water every
day. Most of it she gets by
drinking and in the food.
• 1,5 liters water is lost every
day in the urine, 0,5-0,6
liters in the sweat, 0,3-0,4
liters as vapor in the breath
and the rest in the feces.
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Need of water
• The water balance in the
body is mostly controlled
by the kidneys and
adrenal glands.
• The kidneys try to keep
the salt balance in the
blood. It you drink lots of
water, the kidneys
secrete more water.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pelvis
Water balance
Diagram of a kidney.
• If you drink little the
kidneys restore the
balance by holding
on to more water in
nephrons.
• Nephrons are a very
genial apparatus to
save water and to
secrete body salts.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1128.png
Nephrons
Nephron with its long tubules.
Body salts
• The food salt (NaCl) is not the only salt the
body has. There are also some other salts:
potassium, sodium, manganese etc.
• If the amount of salts grows too high, the
thirst center in the hypothalamus in brains
tells that you have to drink.
• The fluid secreted is urine.
• Its container is the bladder.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_bladder.jpg
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• There are several endocrine
glands in the body.
• They secrete hormones to
the blood. These can be
steroids or amino acid –
based.
• Usually each secreted
hormone effects only one
target organ.
http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_endocrine_system.jpg
Pineal gland
• Pineal gland secrets
melatonin.
• Melatonin is an
antioxidant and
monitors the
circardian rhythm
including
inducement of
drowsiness.
Pineal gland and pituitary gland
are behing the nose in the
middle of the head.
Pituitary gland
Pituitary gland secrets many hormones:
• Somatotropin stimulates cell growth.
• Thyrotropin stimulates iodin absorbtion in
thyroid gland and thyroxin secretion in it.
• Vasopressin increases water permeability in
the nephrons and promotes water reabsorption and decreases the amount of urine.
• Hormones needed in female reproductive life.
Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Thyroid and parathyroid glands
secret thyroxin and calcitonin:
• Thyroxin stimulates body
oxygen and energy
consumption, thereby
increasing the basal metabolic
rate.
• Calcitonin stimulates bone
construction.
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/
Illu_thyroid_parathyroid.jpg
http://
Thyroid and
parathyroid glands
are in the neck in
front of esophagus.
http://
• Thymus is a
specialized organ in
the immune
system.
• In children it is
large and later it
becomes very
small.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1178.png
Thymus
Thymus is in front of the lungs in the
upper part of the chest.
Adrenal
glands are
up on the
kidneys
The adrenal glands secret
glucocorticoids,
mineralocorticoids and androgens.
• Cortisol is a stress hormone. Its primary
function is to increase blood sugar.
• Aldosterone increases blood volume and
blood pressure.
• Androgens are male hormones.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas secrets insulin and
glugacon.
• Glugacon stimulates liver to
release glucose to the blood.
• Insulin increases the rate of
glucose uptake and metabolism.
• Hyposecretion of insulin results
in diabetes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_pancrease.svg
Pancreas
Pancreas is
beside the
duodenum under
the stomach.
Gonads
Gonads include female and male gonads.
• The ovaries (female) secret estrogen
and progesterone (menstrual cycle).
• The testes (male) produce
testosterone.
• Gonad hormones play a key role in the
development of female and male
secondary sexual characteristics.
IMMUNE SYSTEM
• The immune system that
defends your body in the fight
against germs and other
invaders.
• The body has a variety of
barriers to stop germs: skin,
tonsils, adenoids, mucus in the
digestive organs and airways,
thymus, lymph glands, spleen.
• In the skin
Sebaceous glands
ooze an oil that is
poisonous to
many bacteria.
Every hair in the body has a
Sebaceousoil gland.
http://www.pgbeautygroomingscience.com/special-skin-structures.html
Skin
Mucus
• Mucus in the airways and the lungs and in
the stomach, intestine and colon protect
them from unsuitable substances and smoke
particles as well as from germs.
Cilia helps to exrete
the mucus existing
smoke and particles
from germs from the
airways and lungs.
http://www.marvistavet.com/assets/images/Cilia_animation.gif
• Smoking paralyzes the
cilia that line the lungs
and bronchus.
• If you smoke, dust,
pollen and particles in
smoke that get into
the lungs sit in the
lungs and form tar.
http://trendsupdates.com/here%E2%80%99s-why-you-should-quit-smoking/
Smoking and cilia
• Tonsils in the
throat and
adenoids in the
nose release
cells to fight any
infection that
reaches the
throat.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsil
Tonsils and adenoids
Tonsils are behind the tongue on
both sides of the throat.
Thymus
• The thymus is a gland in the
chest that turns ordinary
white blood cells into special
T-cells that fight harmful
microbes.
• During the infection lymph
nodes often swell up with
white blood cells that have
swallowed germs.
http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-solu
• The spleen not only
destroys old red blood
cells, but also helps to
make antibodies and
phagocytes.
• Phagocytes are big white
blood cells that swallow up
invaders and then use an
enzyme to dissolve them.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytes
Spleen
Scanning electron
micrograph of a
neutrophil (a phagocyte)
phagocytosing anthrax
bacilli (orange)
• Tonsils, adenoids,
thymus and spleen
belong to the lymphatic
system.
• It is a network of tubes
that drains the fluid
from the cells all
around the body back
into the bloodstream.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system
Lymphatic system
Body drain system
• These lymph vessels are filled with lymph
fluid along with bacteria, waste chemicals
and drains from body tissues such as muscles.
• The fluid circulation is helped by muscle
movements and heart beat.
• On the average at any time 1 - 2 liters of
lymph fluid circulates in the lymphatic and
body tissues.
• In the lymph vessels there
are nodes.
• In the nodes white blood
cells called lymphocytes
destroy germs.
• During infection the
lymph nodes may swell as
lymphocytes fight germs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system
Lymph nodes
The most important lymph
nodes are behind the ears,
in the neck, under the arms
and in the groins.
Immunity
• Some lymphocytes are able to memorize the
organisms that have attacked the body.
• In the blood there are thousands of different
kinds of lymphocytes that produce antibodies
against a particular germ.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity_(medical)
• Because of this
acquired immunity
there are many
contagious infections
that are not
transmitted another
time.
• This is also how
vaccination works.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination
Vaccination
Child receiving an oral
polio vaccine.
BACTERIA AND VIRUS
• All the germs in the body are
not unwelcomed guests.
• There are lots of beneficial
bacteria in the colon to
decay the feces.
• However there are several
bacteria and virus, which
cause severe diseases in the
human beings.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mycoba
cterium_tuberculosis.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus
• The tuberculosis bacteria
usually attacks the lungs.
• It is spread through the air,
when people, who have the
disease, cough, sneeze or spit.
• The symptoms are a chronic
cough with blood-tinged
sputum, fever, night sweats
and weight loss.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mycobacteri
um_tuberculosis.jpg
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is an
infectious disease
caused by TB-bacteria.
If left untreated, it kills
more than 50% of its
victims.
• A highly contagious illness
caused by a virus.
• It usually starts with vesicular
skin rash and becomes itchy
with raw pockmarks.
• It is spread through coughs or Chicken pox usually
starts with vesicular skin
sneezes of ill individuals or
rash mainly on the body
head rather than at
through direct contact with and
the periphery. It gives a
lifelong immunity.
secretions from the rash.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0
/03/Child_with_chickenpox.jpg
Chicken box
• The measles is
also caused by a
virus.
• Symptoms include
fever, cough,
runny nose, red
eyes and a
generalized
rash.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/
Morbillivirus_measles_infection.jpg
Measles
The infection has an average
incubation period of 14 days (range 6–
19 days) and infectivity lasts from 2–
4 days prior, until 2–5 days following
the onset of the rash.
Measles vaccination
• The measles is spread through
respiration (contact with fluids
from an infected person's nose
and mouth, either directly or
through aerosol transmission),
and is highly contagious (90 %
of people without immunity
sharing a house with an
infected person will catch it).
http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/nepal_2
4118.html
As a result of vaccination
program in Nepal against
measles the infections
decreased from 10.000
in 2000-2003 (each year)
to 4.000 in 2005 and to
2.000 in 2006.
Scanning electron
microrgraph of HIV1 colored green,
budding from a
cultured
lymphocyte.
http://fi.wikipedi
a.org/wiki/AIDS
• HIV (human
immunodeficiency
virus) causes AIDS
(acquired
immunodeficiency
syndrome), a condition
in which the immune
system fails.
• A very serious disease.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS
HIV and AIDS
HI virus
• Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of
blood, semen, vaginal fluid or breast milk.
The four major routes of transmission are:
• unsafe sex
• contaminated needles
• breast milk
• transmission at birth. HIV/AIDS in the world.
http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS
HIV - AIDS
• The influenza is the most usual
infectious disease caused by
viruses which affect both birds
and mammals.
• Symptoms of the disease are
chills, fever, sore throat,
muscle pains, severe headache,
coughing, weakness/fatigue
and general discomfort.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/H1N1_navbox.jpg
Influenza
Swine influenza
H1N1-virus
• In more serious cases, the
influenza - or any other
bacteria or virus disease can cause a pneumonia,
which can be fatal,
particularly for the young
and the elderly. Also ear
infections are usual
complications.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia
Complications
Pneumonia can be expected if
the there is a high fever and
shortness of breath with fatigue.
• Common cold is a less severe
disease and caused by a different
type of virus than influenza.
• Influenza may produce nausea
and vomiting, but these
symptoms are more common in
gastroenteritis, which is
sometimes called "stomach flu"
or "24-hour flu".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold
Common cold and stomach flu
The common
cold is a
disease of the
upper
respiratory
tract.
Transmission of infection
• Typically the influenza is
transmitted through the air
by coughs or sneezes.
• Influenza can also be
transmitted by direct
contact with bird droppings
or nasal secretions, or
through contact with
contaminated surfaces.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough
• Influenza viruses can be
inactivated by sunlight
disinfectants and
detergents.
• As the virus can be
inactivated by soap,
frequent hand washing
reduces the risk of
infection.
http://foodcourtlunch.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/05/washing-hands.jpg
Reducing risk of infection
Washing hands with soap
reduces the risk of
infection.
ECOSYSTEMS
• In the human body every cell and every
organ is helping each other.
• They help each other to get all the
substances they need. They help each other
to get rid of all the waste substances or
things that threaten their existence.
• All what can be reused is reused. All possible
waste and toxic substances are destroyed
and removed from the body.
Ecosystem services
• According to the United Nations 2004
Millenium Ecosystem Assessment ecosystem
services can be grouped into four categories:
provisioning, such as the production of food
and water; regulating, such as the control of
climate and disease; supporting, such as
nutrient cycles and crop pollination; and
cultural, such as spiritual and recreational
benefits.
Natural resources
• As human populations grow, so do the
resource demands and our global footprint.
• Natural resources are not infinitely available.
- Air and water quality are compromised.
- Rivers, lakes and oceans are overfished.
- Pests and diseases beyond their boundaries.
- Deforestation is exacerbating flooding
downstream and diminishing the oxygen
producing area of the globe.
Global footprint
• Vegan, 0 g, 0,5
acres
• Vegetarian, 63
g, 0,6 acres
• Little meat, 254
g, 1,3 acres
• Much meat,
381 g, 1,9 acres
Illustration by Steve Rokitka / University Communications
• Tobacco industry is spawning
an environmental disaster,
as farmers use trees for
wood fuel to cure the
tobacco leaves.
• Tobacco needs good soil to
grow. It cannot be grown in
the same place year after
year. It distroys the soil.
ETRA-liitto ry
Tobacco production
Your tobacco
destroys the lungs
of the world…
• In Indonesia over
1 million hectares
of the peat
swamp forests
has been drained
for conversion to
agricultural land
to supply palmoil.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borneo_fires_October_2006.jpg
Burning forests
Fires are destroying forests and a large
numbers of birds, animals, reptiles and other
wildlife. They also release enormous
quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere.
• Tree planting is not good
only against
deforestation but also to
absorb carbon dioxide
(one of the greenhouse
gases) from the air.
• The trees help to keep
the water in the ground
and decrease erosion.
http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/img/about_ikea/tre
e250x250.jpg
Plant a tree
On average, one broad leaf
tree will absorb 1 ton of
carbon dioxide during its full
life-time (about one hundred
years).
• Arrange a cleaning
day when you go
together with your
school mates all
around your home
area and collect all
the rubbish away from
the road sides &
creeks and riversides.
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Keep your environment clean
No rubbish should belong to
the nature. A clean home and a
clean environment is a healthy
home and a healthy environment.
Why not we?
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Our body is made so
that every cell in every
organ serves the whole
body to keep it healthy
and clean.
We thank
• Ministry for the Foreign Affairs, Finland
• ETRA–liitto ry, Finland, Aune Greggas
• Scheer Memorial Hospital, Banepa, Kavre,
Sundar Thapa, Pratigya Ranjit, HETIP team
• Wikipedia, Wikimedia, United Nations
Millenium Ecosystem Assessment, Halima
Abdallah, Steve Rokitka, Marvistavet.com,
Trendsupdates.com, Foodcourtlunch.com,
Ikea, Human Body, Miles Kelly Publishing