Transcript Nervous System - cloudfront.net

Muscle Tissue
•Composed of cell that can CONTRACT
3 Types:
Skeletal-moves bones in
your trunk, limbs and
face
Smooth-handles body
functions that you
cannot control
consciously (digestive
track)
Cardiac-found in your
heart, pumps blood
through your body
Epithelial Tissue
• Consists of
layers of cells
that line or
cover all internal
and external
body surfaces
• Protective
barrier
• Aka: SKIN
Nervous
Tissue
• Groups of cells called
NEURONS, that receive
and transmit messages
in form of electrical
impulses.
Connective Tissue
• Binds, supports and protects
structures in the body
• Most abundant and diverse
• Includes bones, cartilage,
tendons, fat, blood and lymph

homeo = same; stasis = standing
The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to
maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its
physiological processes.

The process by which organisms keep internal
conditions relatively constant despite changes in
external environments.


An organism must maintain homeostasis to stay alive.
The body must have good internal
communication, using the endocrine and
nervous systems, to maintain homeostasis.

Feedback inhibition limits the operation of a
system or causes it to shut down when it senses
too much of a certain product (such as water,
glucose, salt, heat, CO2 etc.)
 It will cause the system to “turn back on” when
there is too little of this product.


Positive Feedback
 Mechanism that enhances the output
created by a stimulus that has already been
activated.
 Pushes levels in the body out of the normal
ranges
 Ex: blood platelet accumulationblood
clotting
 Ex: release of oxytocin to intensify the
contractions that occur during childbirth

Negative Feedback
 Mechanism that initiate to maintain
or regulate physiological functions
within a set and narrow range
 Reduces that output or activity of
any organ or system back to its
normal range of function.
 Ex: Blood pressure
 Ex: Temperature control
Human example: shivering in response to cooling of body
during cold weather or sweating when their core
temperature gets too hot.

Regulation: maintenance of conditions in a
changing environment
 Nutrient absorption: essential matter and energy
taken in by organism
 Reproduction: passing of traits to offspring to
ensure the continuation of the species
 Defense from illness and injury: protection from
sickness and physical injury, such as immune response
to pathogens, ability to flee, and healing of injured
structures

The Nervous System
recognizes and coordinates
the body's response to
changes in its internal and
external environments
Nervous System
 Neurons (Nerve Cells)
 Basic unit of structure and
function of the nervous
system
 Long cell with 3 regions
1. Cell body
2. Dendrites

Receive impulses and
deliver them to the cell
3. Axon

Extension of the
neuron that carry
impulses away from the
cell
 Brian
 Control center
 Spinal Cord
 Central Nervous System
 Made up of the brain and
spinal cord and coordinates
your body’s activities
 Peripheral Nervous
System
 Made up of the nerves which
carry messages to and from
the central nervous system
Endocrine: signals the hypothalamus to coordinate the release of
hormones, also provides feedback to nervous system for maintaining
homeostasis.
 Circulatory: regulates heart rate and blood pressure
 Digestive system: controls the speed that food moves
 Muscular: Body awarness and control of the body
movements/reactions
 Skeletal system: Body awarness and control of the body
movements/reactions. Bones provide Calcium used for chemical signals
sent by nervous system.
 Lymphatic: brain stimulates disease/pathogen fighting
 Respiratory: controls breathing rate and blood gas regulation
 Excretory: brain controls urination
 Integumentary: sensors in the skin send signals to the brain for
processing and reacting, blood flow and sweating.
 Reproduction: controls mating behavior, puberty and release of sexual
hormones.

 Hypothalamus
 Part of the brain that the main
link between the endocrine
and nervous systems
 Pituitary
 The main gland of the
endocrine system. It is
stimulated by the
hypothalamus when changes
in homeostasis are detected
and produces chemicals and
stimulates other glands.
The Endocrine System
controls growth,
development, and
metabolism; maintains
homeostasis
 Thyroid
 Produces thyroxin, the
main growth and
metabolic hormone
 Also regulates calcium
levels in the blood
 Parathyroid
 Regulates minerals by
producing PTH
(parathyroid hormone)
 Adrenal Glands
 Prepare the body for
stress by releasing
hormones
 epinephrine (adrenaline)
norephinephrine which
increases blood pressure
and heart rate
 called corticosteroids that
influence or regulate salt
and water balance in the
body
 Pancreas
 produces two important hormones
 insulin and glucagon: they work together to maintain
a steady level of glucose, or sugar, in the blood and to
keep the body supplied with fuel to produce and
maintain stores of energy
 Ovaries
 Secretes female sex hormones
 Testes
 Secretes male sex hormones
Nervous System – release hormones that cause physical
reaction and feedback, growth and maturation along with
homeostasis, development.
 Reproductive: release hormones that affect the
development of the nervous system and stimulate sexual
reproduction.
 Digestive System – Causes the pancreas to produce the
hormone insulin that regulates blood glucose levels.
down; therefore, insulin regulates the amount of sugar in
the blood.
 Circulatory System - transports the necessary hormones
to the correct location in the body for functioning to
maintain homeostasis.

The Skeletal System
supports the body; protects
internal organs; allows
movement; stores mineral
reserves; provides blood
cell formation
Skeletal System
 Bones
 Produce blood cells
 Red Marrow
 Produce red and white blood cells
 Yellow Marrow
 Consists of stored fat
 Joints
 Found where two (2) bones meet
 Cartilage
 Surrounds the end on bone to prevent grinding upon another
bone
 Ligaments
 Tough band of tissue attaching one bone to another
 Tendons
 Thick bands of tissue connecting muscle to bone
 Muscular system – bones and muscles
work together for movement
 Circulatory system and immune system –
all blood cells (red and white) are made in
the bone marrow
 Nervous-bones hold the calcium reservoir
for chemical signaling by neurons.
 Integumentary: works together to provide
support and protection for internal organs.
The Muscular System
produces voluntary
movement; circulates
blood, moves food
through digestive system
Muscular System
 Cardiac Muscle
 Makes up your heart, is
adapted to generate and
conduct electrical impulses
 Skeletal Muscle
(voluntary muscle)
 Attaches to and moves
bones
 Smooth Muscle
(involuntary muscle)
 Found on walls of internal
organs and blood vessels
Actin- thin filament
of a muscle fiber
 Myosin-thick
filament of a muscle
fiber.

 Bind to the actin
filaments to pull them
closer together
during a muscle
contraction.
What organelle do you think
muscle fiber must have a lot
of? (Note the molecule
circled in red)

Works closely with the:
 Skeletal system to provide the body with
movement
 Circulatory – brings O2 to muscles and waste
products such as lactic acid away
 Nervous – provides the signals that control
how muscles contract
 Digestive-controls muscle contraction used
to move food thru the digestive track.
 Respiratory-the diaphragm controls inhaling
and exhaling
The Integumentary System
is the barrier against
infections and injury;
regulates body
temperature; protects
against ultraviolet radiation
Integumentary System
 Skin
 Epidermis: outermost layer of skin
 covers the surfaces of the body
 Dermis: inner layer of skin
 Contains blood vessels, nerve cells, hair follicles, sweat
and oil glands
 Hair, Skin and Nails
 Made up of Keratin
 Pigment of skin and hair
 Controlled by melanin
 Sweat
 Produced to help maintain homeostasis
 Oil Glands
Nervous: contains sensory receptors
that detect stimuli outside of the body,
controls temperature regulation
(sweating, goosebumps).
Excretory: works to remove cellular
waste.
Immune: protective barrier from
pathogens (bacteria & viruses)
The Digestive System converts
food into simpler molecules
that can be used by cells;
absorbs food; eliminates waste
The entire digestive process
takes between 24 and 33 hours

Mouth
 The first stop in the disassembly of
your food;
Mechanical digestion = chewing and
Chemical digestion = enzymes found
in saliva


Pharynx (throat)
Epiglottis
 Small flap that closes over the
opening of the respiratory system
when swallowing, preventing food
from entering the airway.

Esophagus
 Muscular tube connecting the mouth
to the stomach

Liver
 Produces bile, a substance that helps
break down fats

Gall Bladder
 Stores bile produced by the liver

Stomach
 Muscular pouch like organ where
involuntary muscular churning and
chemical digestion occurs

Pancreas
 Secretes enzymes to help break
down carbohydrates, proteins and
fats

Small Intestine
 Narrow muscular tube where
digestion of food is completed with
the help of enzymes secreted by the
liver and pancreas

Villi (plural: Villus)
 Little projections in the lining of
the small intestine that function
in the absorption of digested
food

Large Intestine (colon)
 Muscular tube where water and
salts are absorbed; material
spends 18-24 hours here

Appendix
 Tube like extension off of the
large intestine

Rectum
 The last part of the digestive
system, feces are eliminated
from the rectum through the
anus
 Muscular – contains smooth muscle
used for moving food thru the digestive
tract.
 Nervous – gets signals that control the
rate of digestion, appetite, satiety.
 Circulatory – broken down nutrients
travels through blood vessels to cells
 Endocrine – hormones (ex. Insulin)
control blood sugar levels
The Excretory
System eliminates
waste products from
the body
Excretory System

Kidneys

Help maintain homeostasis by filtering
blood to remove waste

Nephron

Ureters

Urinary Bladder

Urethra


Skin
Lungs
 Tiny filter that makes up the
kidney, there are millions
 Tubes connecting the kidneys to
the bladder
 Smooth muscle bag that stores a
solution of wastes called urine
 Tube where urine passed out of
the body
 Circulatory – waste products are
carried from the cells through blood
vessels to the kidney where it is filtered.
 Endocrine – hormones are sent that
control water levels and homeostasis.
 Respiratory – expels toxic CO2 out of
body
 Integumentary-rids body of toxins via
sweat
The Respiratory System
provides oxygen needed
for cellular respiration
and removes carbon
dioxide from the body
Respiratory System
 Nose and Mouth
 Respiration begins with taking in air
 Pharynx (Throat)
 Larynx
 Where your vocal cords are
 Trachea (Windpipe)
 Passes air into the bronchi
 Bronchi (singular: Bronchus)
 Passes air from trachea to the lungs
 Bronchioles
 Each Bronchus in the lungs
branches out like a tree into
bronchioles
 Alveoli
 Sacs at the end of the
Bronchioles where oxygen
and carbon dioxide are
exchanged
 Diaphragm
 Muscle that enables you to
breathe
 Circulatory – brings O2 to the cells and
CO2 back to the lungs to be exhaled.
 Excretory – part of the excretory system
to get rid of toxic CO2 from the body.
 Nervous-controls the rate of respiration.
 Muscular-diaphragm controls the
opening and closing of the lungs to take
in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
The Circulatory Systems brings
oxygen, nutrients and
hormones to cells; fights
infections; removes cell
wastes; regulates body
temperature
Circulatory System
 Heart
 The pump that keeps blood flowing
through your body
 Blood Vessels
 Arteries
 Carry blood away from the heart
 Blood
 Red Blood Cells
 Carry oxygen to the body cells
 White blood cells
 Defend body against disease
 Platelets
 Cell fragments needed for blood
clotting
 Plasma
 Fluid portion of the blood
Respiratory – deliver O2 from lungs to cells
and drop off CO2 from cells to lungs
Digestive – absorb and deliver digested
nutrients to cells
Excretory– kidneys filter cellular waste out
of blood for removal
Immune/Lymphatic – both transport things
to and from cells throughout body to fight
disease
Nervous – brain controls heartbeat
Endocrine – transports hormones
Circulatory – transports white blood cells (WBC) to
fight pathogens
Lymphatic – has lots of WBCs to fight invaders, spleen
filters bacteria/viruses out of blood and collects fluid
lost from blood vessels and return it to the circulatory
system
Skeletal – WBCs made in bone marrow
Integumentary – prevents bacteria & viruses from
getting in the body
Immune/Lymphatic
System
 White Blood Cells
 B cells-generate antibodies to antigens
 Macrophages-wound healing, immune response
 Natural Killer Cells- attack and eliminate stressed cells
 Platelets-blood clotting
 Red Blood Cells-contain hemoglobin that binds oxygen
 T cells- antibacterial and antiviral immune responses,
promote tumor-related immunosurveillance or
immunosuppression
 Thymus
 Spleen
 Lymph Vessels
 Lymph Nodes
Circulatory – transports WBCs to fight
invaders
Lymphatic – has lots of WBCs to fight
invaders, spleen filters bacteria/viruses
out of blood
Skeletal – RBC & WBCs made in bone
marrow
Integumentary – prevents invaders
from getting in
The Reproductive System
produces reproductive cells
(sperm & egg); in females
nurtures and protects
developing embryo
Reproductive System
Males
 Penis
 Testes
 Site of sperm production
 Epididymis
 Where sperm mature
 Vas Deferens
 Duct where mature sperm are stored
before being transported to the urethra
 Urethra
 Transports sperm out of the male body
Females
 Ovaries
 Where eggs mature
 Fallopian Tubes
 Tube connecting ovaries to
the uterus
 Uterus
 Where a fetus develops
during pregnancy
 Vagina
 Canal leading to the uterus
Circulatory-carries nutrients needed
to sustain an embryo.
Muscular – uterus contracts to give
birth – controlled by hormones
Endocrine system controls
production of sex cells
(hormones) controls maturing
and growth
Respiratory System