Transcript Function - Houston ISD

Plant and Animal Form
and Function
By: Nicky Vu, Tony Vu, Kenny
Truong, Tongrui Li
Plants
Structure: Cells
Parenchyma- least differentiated, most abundent
Collenchyma- suport
Sclerenchyma- reinforced, tough cell walls, stop mitosis
Structure:tissue/specialized cells
Tissues:
1. Dernat- outer, hard layer
2. Vascular- made for transport
3. Ground- everything else
Specialized cells:
1. Xylem- conduct water
2. Phloem- conduct solid material such as sugar.
Growth
Meristem
1. embroytic stem cells that produces other cells
2. Located on tip of developmental part.
Angiosperm Cross section
Gas Exchange
Stomata
1. Guarded by Guard Cells
2. Promote CO2 intake and H2O and O2 outtake
3. Grants need for Calvin Cycle
Energy Production/Mineral transport
Energy Prodcution and Distribution
1. Sugar produced by leaf through photosynthesis
2. Sugar is translocated thorugh Bulf flow
Mineral and Water Transport
1. Root intake water and mineral
2. Aids photosyntesis
3. Symbiolotic relationship with fungi
a. Mycorrhizae- increase abosorbsion
b. Rhizobium- convert N to solute use
Response
Reproduction
Pollination
1. Pollination- transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.
2. Double Fertilization- ensure endosperm developes
Evolution
Animals
Basics - Levels of Organization
Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems
- tissues are made up of groups of cells
- tissues work along one another in groups
which makes up organs
- an organ system consists of groups of organs
working together
Digestive System
Structures
-Mouth: starting point of digestion
-Esophagus: gets food swallowed from the mouth
-Stomach: contains the food and releases enzymes to break it down
-Small intestines: uses enzymes made from the pancreas and bile made by the liver to
break down food
-Gallbladder: releases bile to break down fats
-Large intestines: job of processing waste and drops it into the rectum and then anus
for release
Function
-uses enzymes to break down, absorb, and excrete food taken into the body
-helps in cellular respiration by supplying sugars such as glucose
Respiratory System
Structures
-Trachea: part of the airway that connects throat and bronchi
-Bronchi: moves air from trachea to lungs
-Lungs: allows oxygen to supply red blood cells and the red blood cells move around
the body
-Diaphragm: main component for respiration, functions with inhalation and exhalation
-Gills: takes in dissolved oxygen in water to breathe (fish)
-Hemoglobin: moves oxygen from lungs to tissues; moves carbon dioxide from tissues
to lungs
Function
-allows us to breathe (this is needed to survive on Earth)
-oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the process
Nervous System
Structures
-Neuron: main feature of the brain; processes and transmits information
-Axon: sends information to neurons
-Dendrites: receive information from neurons
-Synapse: sends information from cell to cell
Function
-allows control for the body through communication within with certain parts
-regulating processes in the body
-coordination with other systems
Circulatory System
Structures (Blood Flow)
-vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary artery →
lungs→ pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve
→ aorta → body
Function
-supplies the body with blood and oxygen
-carbon dioxide, oxygen, nutrients are all transported throughout the body
Adaptations
-A 4 chambered heart is able to separate separate deoxygenated and oxygenated
blood (oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs)
Excretory System
Structure
- Kidney: Filters the blood and creates urine
- Glomerulus: Blood plasma is filtered here
- Nephron: Regulates the concentration of water
- Bowman’s capsule: where blood filtration starts
- Loop of henle: Where blood and salts and reabsorbed into the blood
- Collecting duct: collects urine from the nephron and moves it to the ureters
Function
- Filters the blood, keeps water balance, and excretes nitrogenous waste
Muscles
Structure
- Muscle cells: contain protein filaments of actin and myosin
- Sarcomeres: structure unit of a myofibril
- Actin & myosin fibers: Actin form the thin filaments and myosin form the thick
filaments
- Tropomyosin regulatory protein: troponin is attached to the protein tropomyosin and
lies within the groove between actin filaments in the muscle tissue
Function
- helps with movement
Immune
Structure
- Lymph system: major part of the immune system
- leukocytes: protect the body from infectious disease and foreign invaders
- lymphocytes: a form of lymphocyte
- macrophage: phagocytic cell found in the tissues or mobile white blood cell
- B cells: produces antibodies
- T cells: destroy t cells to hunt down and destroy cells that are infected with germs
Function
protects body from attacks by pathogen
Reproduction
Structures
-Testicles: create sperm
-Penis: urination and semen delivery
-Glands: creates sex hormones
-Sperm: reproductive cell for males
-Ovaries: creates sex hormones
-Eggs: reproductive cells for females
-Fallopian tubes: transfers egg from ovary to uterus
-Uterus: develops embryo and fetus when pregnant
Function
-create offspring (make sure survival is possible)
-produce sex cells
Questions
After a long period of negligence to water his plants, a researcher noticed that his beloved Rosa Banksianae began to wilt.
1.
Propose the best explanation for the cause of wilting of the rose:
a.
Because of long drought, the plant is unable to absorb mineral from the root and thus transport water to the
leaves, thus causing wilt.
b.
Because of long drought, the plant’s root have no water to absorb and thus resulting in a lack of water. To
counter the lack, the plant wilt its leaves, which eventually decreases loss of water due to stomata.
c.
Because of sunlight presence, the plant lose an excessive amount of water through stomata.
d.
Because of sunlight presence, the plant’s stomata can no longer regulate water loss.
After regretting about the loss of his beloved plant, the researcher also noticed something interesting. he noticed that the pot
of cactus that he have forgotten in the corner of his room for months shows no symptoms of wilting.
2.
Propose the best explanation of the reason that the cactus survived the long period of drought:
a.
Cactus have the ability to make water from mineral, thus it does not need water to survive.
b.
Cactus have a symbiotic relationship with Mycorrhizae, which can convert mineral products to water
c.
Cactus have a large storage which allow it to retain ample amount of water to survive a long drought and it’s
leaves is modified to reduce water loss through stomata.
d.
Cactus is able to recycle the waste products and turn them back to water.
Questions
In 1880, Charles Darwin and Francis Darwin preformed an experiment involving covering parts of the glass coleoptiles to
find out which part of plant is responsible for light. Their conclusion can be represented from the illustration below:
As the illustration demonstrates, if the tip of the glass coleopiles is removed or covered, then the plant will not be affect
by the effects of phototropism, or the response to light. If the tips is covered by transparent caps or if other parts are
covered, then the plants do respond to phototropism. Years later, scientists have found that auxin, a hormone
commonly present at the tip of the plant, contributes to this phenomenon.
Questions
3.Describe the effect of Auxin:
a.
Auxin is a substance that regulate elongation among roots
b.
Auxin is a substance that can sense phototrophic effect
c.
Auxin is a substance that regulates plant response to gravity
d.
Auxin is a substance that regulate elongation among stems
4. Describe a potential explanation for the cause of this event:
a.
Auxin at the tip of the plant, when receiving signal from the sun, sends intercepts the direction of sunlight and thus sends
the signal to the stem, which cause elongation on the dark side of the plant, thus causing it to bent toward the light.
b.
Auxin at the tip of the plant, when receiving signal from the sun, sends intercepts the direction of sunlight and thus sends
the signal to the stem, which cause elongation on the light side of the plant, thus causing it to bent toward the light.
c.
Auxin at the tip of the plant, when receiving signal from the sun, sends intercepts the direction of sunlight and thus sends
the signal to the stem, which cause elongation on the light side of the plant, thus causing it to bent toward the dark.
d.
Auxin at the tip of the plant, when receiving signal from the sun, sends intercepts the direction of sunlight and thus sends
the signal to the stem, which cause elongation on the dark side of the plant, thus causing it to bent toward the dark.
Questions
5. Several month after the experiment, the plant whose tip were cut seems to be once again affected by phototropism.
Inferring from this, which of the following best depicts events happening?
a.
Auxin is transported and accumulated at the top
b.
The tip grow back again, causing auxin to be produced again
c.
Auxin is sent to the top continuously from the root
d.
Auxin is sent continuously down from the tip
In 1913 additional experiments by Boysen and jensen determines further extensions about Darwins’ study.
In the experiment, Boysen and Jensen concluded that an additional layer of permeable membrane will not affect effect of
phototropism while a impermeable membrane will.
6. Which of the following statement is NOT true?
a.
The impermeable membrane blocks the transduction of auxin from tip downward.
b.
The permeable membrane permits the translocation of auxin from tip downward.
c.
The impermeable membrane permits the transduction of auxin from tip downward.
d.
The permeable membrane allows signals to be properly conducted.
Questions
During embryonic development, plants usually go through the process of double fertilization.
7. Describe the purpose of double fertilization:
a.
To ensure seeds develop normally.
b.
To ensure the ovule part of seed develop properly.
c.
To ensure the endosperm develop properly.
d.
To ensure that endosperm do not interfere with ovule during embryonic development
8. Which of the following statement is true about double fertilization?
a.
In double fertilization, 3n endosperm supplies nutrients to the 2n Zygote
b.
In double fertilization, 3n endosperm is prevented from squandering nutrients to the 2n Zygote
c.
In double fertilization, 2n endosperm supplies nutrients to the 3n Zygote
d.
In double fertilization, 2n endosperm is prevented from squandering nutrients to the3n Zygote
Questions
9. Which of the following event is not applicable for pollination?
a.
A flower attracting bees to grab sperms of its anthor to other plants.
b.
A moss spread its sperm through water.
c.
A dandelion spreading its offspring through wind.
d.
A flower who spread its pollination through air power.
10. Which of the following answer choice is correct?
I.
Mosses can spread sperm only through water
II.
Ferns have the ability to generate seeds
III.
Angiosperms uses flowers as a reproductive tool.
a. I only
b.IIonly
c. III only
d. I and III only
e. I,II,and III only
Questions
11. The main component for gas exchange in most living organisms is the ____.
a) Lungs
b) Diaphragm
c) Blood
e) Trachea
12. Which of the following orders displays a correct pathway through the digestive system?
A. mouth, esophagus, stomach
B. esophagus, duodenum, stomach
C. stomach, large intestine, small intestine
D. stomach, rectum, small intestine
Questions
13. How many principal organ systems does the ordinary human body contain?
a) 11
b) 5
c) 24
d) 65
e) It’s different for every human.
14. Which of the following displays the proper direction the arteries carry blood?
A. away from vena cava
B. towards the pulmonary veins
C. towards the brain for signal coordination
D. towards the heart
E. only away from the heart
Questions
15. Which one of the answer choices below is represents a function of the Excretory System?
a) To keep water balance
b) Provide oxygenated blood
c) Release hormones into the blood
d) To store nitrogenous waste
16. Which of the following answer choices below does not include a component of the peripheral
nervous system?
a) sensory pathway
b) autonomic nervous system
c) voluntary nervous system
d) involuntary vision system
Questions
17. Which of the following below is not necessary for muscle contraction?
a) Actin
b) CAMP
c) Myosin
d) Troponin
18. Memory cells are involved in ______.
a) channeling a faster response
b) passive immunity
c) sending a signal to supply blood to the site
d) utilizing a faster immune response after a second exposure of antigen
e) all of the above
Questions
19. Development of embryos after fertilization happens in which of the following?
a) uterus
b) vagina
c) ovary
d) rectum
e) eggs
20. Which cells help with the second encounter of a virus?
a) Memory cells
b) T cells
c) Phagocytes
d) Macrophages
e) B cells
Free
Response
Question
Free
Response
Question