Transcript Frog Toad - Blue Valley Schools

Section 2: Amphibians & Reptiles
~4000 species
-Four footed
:
Caudata – Salamanders
Anura – Frogs & Toads
Gymnophiona – Caecilians
(naked snakes)
(tail + to bear)
Salamanders
100-350 species
Habitat-
Moist forest floor near aquatic
environments.
Aquatic Larvae
(naked + like a snake)
Caecilians
~100 species
Tropical
Wormlike burrowers
Feed on soil-borne worms/inverts
-
(without + tail)
Frogs & Toads
~3500 species
Moist semi-aquatic habitats
Eggs & Larvae aquatic
Difference between Frog & Toad
Frog
Toad
Bulging eyes
Webbed feet
Lay eggs in cluster
Short hind legs for walking
Lay eggs in chain
Lack any teeth
Feet slightly webbed if at all
Paratoid glands
Waters Advantage
-Water shows less
fluctuation in
temperature than
land.
-Very stable
environment.
-Buoyancy help
support the body or
aquatic organisms.
Lands Advantage
-Air on land holds
20% more oxygen
than water.
-Land dwelling
amphibians can be
more active
Adult frogs can obtain oxygen from the air using lungs.
They also have a specialized skin that allows them to
absorb as much (if not more) oxygen through their skin.
.
Hibernation Video
Draws air into lungs
Pushes air across vocal cords and larynx
into vocal sac.
Vocal sac may resonate sound
Paleobatidae (Archaic Toads)

Plains Spadefoot Toad
Spea bombifrons
Loud and harsh
“Go-away go-away”
Bufonidae (True Toads)

American Toad
Bufo americanus
Long musical trill
15-30 seconds
Hylidae (Tree Frogs)

Blanchards Cricket Frog
Acris blanchardi
Two marbles being
tapped or rubbed
together

Gray Treefrog
Hyla chrysoscelis
Short high trill

Boreal Chorus Frog
Pseudacris maculata
Running finger across
Teeth of a comb
Ranidae (Aquatic Frogs)

Plains Leopard Frog
Rana blairi
Finger rubbing
balloon

Bullfrog
Rana catesbiana
Drawing bow across
upright bass
Foghorn
Microhylidae (Microhylid Frogs)

Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad
Gastrophryne olivacea
Nasally Beeeeeeee
Membrane that vibrates with
sound waves to aid in hearing.
Frogs also sense vibrations through legs.
Large predators nearby will create seismic
vibrations in the ground.
(to + creep)
Dry skin and scales.
Internal fertilization
Carnivorous (turtles omnivorous)
Cold blooded
First vertebrates with Amniotic Eggs
-Eggs with extra embryonic membrane
•Protect embryo from dehydration
•Cushions embryo
•Promotes gas transfer
•Stores waste
Three types (subclasses) of reptiles based on skull type:
-
Turtles, likely the most distant divergence
from other reptiles. ~ 250mya
-
Snakes and lizards.
Dinosaurs  Crocodiles & Birds
-
All extinct, but gave rise to mammals.
- Egg laying
Turtles, most snakes & lizards.
- Internal eggs
Some lizards
- Live young
Some snakes
Turtles
~225 species
Bony shell from modified vertebrae and ribs.
Shell covered in Keratin dermal layer.
Long life spans. Average 15 years,
up to 100 in some tortoises
Turtles lay eggs in nests and do not care for young.
COMMON SNAPPING TURTLE
Chelydra serpentina
Prefers habitat with
muddy bottoms.
Omniverous
Bottom dweller
Up to 20” length
(12” common)
Up to 85 pounds
(15lbs common)
Mean age 28 years
ALLIGATOR SNAPPING TURTLE
Macrochelys temminckii
SINC
Largest freshwater turtles
150-175lbs
3 large keels down center
of carapace
Eyes on side of head
Use pink “lure” in mouth to attract prey
NORTHERN PAINTED TURTLE
Chrysemys picta
Carapace 100-200mm
Colorful plastron & head
patterning used to ID
Diurnal
Bask during light hours
Omnivorous
COMMON MAP TURTLE
Graptemys geographica
Kansas State Threatened Species
Carapace up to
200mm
Isolated yellow
spot behind eye.
FALSE MAP TURTLE
Graptemys pseudogeographica
Mostly found
in rivers and streams.
Carapace up to
200mm
Short yellow crescent
behind eye.
Male: long front claws.
EASTERN RIVER COOTER
Pseudemys concinna
Smooth domed carapace.
Head and shell markings
used to ID
Light C-shape on 2nd
costal scute.
Plastron yellow with
dark patterns
Male: long front claws
EASTERN BOX TURTLE
Terrapene carolina
Mostly terrestrial
Tall domed carapace.
Carapace up to 180mm
Keel on 2nd and 4th
vertebral scute
3 toes on hind feet
Males: usually red eyes
May live entire life in
an area no larger than
a football field as range
ORNATE BOX TURTLE
Terrapene ornata
Terrestrial
Carapace patterned
and up to 150mm
keel-less
Posterior plastron:
Male concave
Female flat or convex
Primarily carnivorous
Mean age 25 years
(Red eared) SLIDER
Trachemys scripta
Carapace up to 250mm
Red/orange splotch
behind eye.
YELLOW MUD TURTLE
Kinosternon flavescens
Carapace up to 15cm
Elevated 9th/10th
marginal scute
Male: rough scales
behind knee. Longer
tail tipped with claw.
Muddy bottom ponds
Omnivore
Strong musk smell as defense.
COMMON MUSK TURTLE(stinkpot)
Sternotherus odoratus
Carapace up to 15 cm
Tall and smooth dome
Two yellow lines from
snout to neck
Male has larger head and stout spiked tail.
STRONG musk smell as defense.
SMOOTH SOFTSHELL
Apalone mutica
Carapace up to 30cm
Small dark splotches
Black/white stripe from
eye to neck.
Male has thicker tail.
Mostly found in rivers/streams
Passive insectivores
SPINY SOFTSHELL
Apalone spinifera
Spiny cone projections
on leading end of
carapace.
Rivers/streams
Up to 50years
Aggressive and can bite
Carnivore
(scale + to bear)
Lizards (Suborder Sauria)
~3,300 species
Usually 2 pairs of walking legs
• Visible Ear holes
• Eye lids
• Chromataphores
Snakes (Suborder serpentes)
~2,300 species
Elongated body lacking limbs
200+ vertebrae
Upper & lower jaw
movable and hinged.
Elongation of body
resulted in loss of
left lung and right
kidney.
Skin covered in
scales.
Unlike amphibians, reptile skin does not
aid in respiration.
Non-venomous
snakes
Venomous snakes
Ventral scales larger to facilitate movement.
(ek-dis-is): Periodic shedding of the skin.
Begins with head
(family Viperidae) possess hollow fangs to
inject venom
Pit Vipers have a
on each side of the
face that is heat-sensitive.
Usually nocturnal so this aids their hunting.
: Rely on external heating source
to warm their body. (Cold-Blooded)
To stay active reptiles
must maintain a
temperature between
25-37 degrees Celsius.
May form
(large groups of reptiles
in a group) in the
winter to stay warm.
EASTERN RACER
Coluber constrictor
SPECKLED KINGSNAKE
Lampropeltis holbrooki
MILK SNAKE
Lampropeltis triangulum
RINGNECK SNAKE
Diadophis punctatus
COMMON GARTER
SNAKE
Thamnophis sirtalis
WESTERN RIBBON
SNAKE
Thamnophis proximus
COPPERHEAD
Agkistrodon contortrix
TIMBER RATTLESNAKE
Crotalus horridus
MASSASAUGA
Sistrurus catenatus
Great Plains Rat Snake
Pantherophis emoryi