Transcript Circulatory System PowerPoint

Chapter 14
Circulation and Blood Vessels
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2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Blood Circulation
• Major circulatory systems
–Cardiopulmonary circulation
(blood from Heartlungsheart)
–Systemic circulation
(blood from Hearttissue/cellsheart)
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• Specialized circulatory systems
–Coronary circulation
(bring Blood from HeartMyocardium)
–Portal circulation
(takes Blood from Organs of digestionLiver
through portal vein)
–Fetal circulation
(fetus obtaining O2 & Nutrients from moms
blood)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Cardiopulmonary Circulation
• Deoxygenated blood from the heart flows to
the lungs, where carbon dioxide is
exchanged for oxygen
• Oxygenated blood then returns to the heart
• Review of blood flow through the heart and
lungs
• Decrease Erythrocytes=difficulty carrying
O2
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Cardiopulmonary Circulation
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© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Systemic Circulation
• Circulates nutrients, oxygen, water, and
secretions
• Carries away waste products
• Helps equalize body temperature
• Aids in protecting the body from harmful
bacteria
• The aorta and its branches(largest Artery in body)
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Systemic Circulation
© 2014 Cengage Learning.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Coronary Circulation
• Brings oxygenated blood to the heart
muscle
• Right and left branches of the coronary
artery
• Exchange of oxygen and waste occurs at
capillary level
• Deoxygenated blood returns through the
coronary veins to the coronary sinus
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Portal Circulation
• A branch of the general circulation
• Veins from the pancreas, stomach, small
intestine, colon, and spleen empty their
blood into the hepatic portal vein, which
goes to the liver
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Portal Circulation
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© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
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Portal Circulation
• Liver ensures that the blood’s glucose
concentration is kept within a relatively
narrow range
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Fetal Circulation
• Occurs in the unborn baby (fetus)
• Fetus obtains oxygen and nutrients from the
mother’s blood, not through its own lungs
and digestive system
• The fetal blood does not mix with the
mother’s blood; the exchange of gases,
food, and waste occurs through the placenta
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1. Cardiopulmonary circulation
A. (blood from Heartlungsheart)
B. (blood from Hearttissue/cellsheart)
C. (bring Blood from HeartMyocardium)
D. (takes Blood from Organs of digestionLiver through portal vein)
E. (fetus obtaining O2 & Nutrients from moms blood)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
2. Systemic circulation
A. (blood from Heartlungsheart)
B. (blood from Hearttissue/cellsheart)
C. (bring Blood from HeartMyocardium)
D. (takes Blood from Organs of digestionLiver through portal vein)
E. (fetus obtaining O2 & Nutrients from moms blood)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
3. Coronary circulation
A. (blood from Heartlungsheart)
B. (blood from Hearttissue/cellsheart)
C. (bring Blood from HeartMyocardium)
D. (takes Blood from Organs of digestionLiver through portal vein)
E. (fetus obtaining O2 & Nutrients from moms blood)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
4. Fetal circulation
A. (blood from Heartlungsheart)
B. (blood from Hearttissue/cellsheart)
C. (bring Blood from HeartMyocardium)
D. (takes Blood from Organs of digestionLiver through portal vein)
E. (fetus obtaining O2 & Nutrients from moms blood)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
5. Portal circulation
A. (blood from Heartlungsheart)
B. (blood from Hearttissue/cellsheart)
C. (bring Blood from HeartMyocardium)
D. (takes Blood from Organs of digestionLiver through portal vein)
E. (fetus obtaining O2 & Nutrients from moms blood)
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Blood Vessels
• Arteries (mostly muscular & Elastic)
• Capillaries (O2 & CO2 exchange)
• Veins
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HEMATOLOGIST would tx the following:
• Neutrophils & Lymphocytes (are
Leukocytes)
• Leukemia (tx is chemo/radiation/bone marrow)
• Anemia (decreased Irondecreased
Hemoglobindecreased energy)
• Hemophilia (rare disorder in which your blood
doesn't clot normally because it lacks sufficient
blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors). If you have
hemophilia, you may bleed for a longer time after an
injury than you would if your blood clotted normally)
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Plasma…
Plasma is the often forgotten
component of blood. White
blood cells, red blood cells,
and platelets are essential to
body function, but plasma
also plays a crucial, and
mostly unrecognized, job,
carrying these blood
components throughout the
body as the fluid in which they
travel.
– No plasma =
dehydrated!!!!
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Arteries-AWAY from Heart
• Carry oxygenated blood away from the
heart to capillaries (exception – pulmonary
arteries)
• Layers of the walls
– Tunica adventitia or externa
– Tunica media
– Tunica intima
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Arteries
• Aorta leads away from the heart and
branches into smaller arteries
• Smaller arteries branch into arterioles
• Arterioles give rise to the capillaries
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Capillaries
•
•
•
•
Smallest blood vessels
Can only be seen through a microscope
Connect the arterioles and venules
Muscle and connective tissue disappear and
they become a simple endothelial cell layer
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Capillaries
• Selective permeability
• Control of blood flow by precapillary
sphincters
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Veins-Carry TO the HEART
• Carry deoxygenated blood away from the
capillaries to the heart
• Layers of the walls
– Tunica externa
– Tunica media
– Tunica intima
• Walls much thinner than arteries
– Do not have to withstand as much pressure
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Veins
• Veins have valves so blood flows in one
direction
– Toward the heart
• Largest vein is the vena cavae
– Superior vena cavae returns blood from the upper part of the
body
– Inferior vena cavae returns blood from the lower part of the
body
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Venous Return
• Valves help keep venous blood moving
• Skeletal muscles contract to push venous
blood along its path
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Venous Return
• Pressure changes occur when we breath,
which helps bring venous blood back to the
heart
• Stationary positioning can decrease flow
back to the heart for oxygenation
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FYI: There are about 62,000
miles of blood vessels and if
you lay them down end to
end, they would encircle the
world at least 2.5 times…
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Blood Pressure
• Systolic blood pressure
– Heart Contracting (1st beat heard)
• Diastolic blood pressure
– Heart Relaxing (Last beat heard)
• Pulse pressure
– The difference between Systolic & Diastolic
• Normal values
– 120/80
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Pulse
• Can feel pulsating beat at certain points on
the body
• Should be the same as the heart rate
• Can feel the pulse on the body where the
artery is near the surface of the skin and
over a bone
– These are called pulse points
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Pulse Points
• Brachial artery– crook of elbow
• Common carotid artery– sternocleidomastoid
• Femoral artery
– inguinal area/groin area
• Dorsalis pedis artery
– top of foot below ankle
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Pulse Points
• Popliteal artery
– Behind Knee
• Radial artery
– Wrist
• Temporal artery
• Apical (apex)
• Pressure points can be used to stop bleeding
distal to the pulse point
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Where are these?????
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Brachial arteryCommon carotid arteryFemoral artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
Popliteal artery
Radial artery
Temporal artery
Apical (apex)
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Pulse Point Quiz
4.
a. Popliteal
b. Radial
c. Temporal
d. Dorsalis pedis
e. Femoral
a. Carotid
b. Brachial
c. Apical (apex)
1.
5.
6.
2.
7.
8.
3.
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Congenital Heart Defects
• Occur when there is a malformation (development)
of the heart during fetal development
• Most common symptom
– Cyanosis, rapid breathing, decreased circulation
• Microscopic surgery
– Can correct many congenital heart defects
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Disorders of Circulation and Blood
Vessels
• Aneurysm
– Ballooning of Artery, weakness in the wall
• s/s pain, pressure/may have no s/s
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• Arteriosclerosis
– Arterial wall thickening (arteries hardening)
• Causes elevated b/p
• Atherosclerosis
– Fat hardening in walls
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Disorders of Circulation and Blood
Vessels
• Gangrene
– Body tissue diesdecrease blood supply
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
• Phlebitis or
thrombophlebitis
– Inf. Of veinclotting of blood
• s/s edema, pain, redness in
leg…tx NWB coumadin
• Or IV results…tx warm
compresses/motrin
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Disorders of Circulation and Blood
Vessels
• Embolism
– Traveling blood clotpulmonary embolismto lungs
• Tx: coumadin
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• Varicose veins
– Swollen veins from wt or
standing for long periods
of time/years
• Hemorrhoids
– In rectum or anus
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Disorders of Circulation and Blood
Vessels
• Cerebral hemorrhage
– Bleeding from blood vessels in braincaused by
arthrosclerosis
• Peripheral vascular disease PVD
– Block Artery (legs)
• s/s pain, cramping
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Disorders of the Blood Vessels
• Hypertension “Silent Killer”
– Normal
– Less than 120/80
– Pre-hypertension
– 120-130/80-89
• Stage I hypertension
– 140-159/90-99
• Stage II hypertension
– 160 and above/100 and above
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Disorders of the Blood Vessels
• White coat hypertension
Doctor Office
• Hypotension  low b/p
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• Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
– Temp interruption of blood to brain
• due to fatstroke like s/ss/s disappear 1-24 hours1/3
usually have stroke in future
• Cerebral vascular accident (CVA)
– Sudden interruption of blood in brain
• strokedecreased O2 brain cells3rd leading cause of death
in US
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Hypoperfusion
• Inadequate flow of blood carrying oxygen
to the organs and body systems
• Hypoperfused tissue will stop working
properly
• Main causes of hypoperfusion
• Can lead to SHOCK
– Increase Resp
– Increase Heart Rate/Pulse
– Decrease b/p
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