Transcript CH14

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RESIRATORY SYSTEM STRUCTURE
• UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT:- NOSE,
PHARYNX, LARYNX & PART OF TRACHEA.
• LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT:- LOWER
PART OF TRACHEA, BRONCHIAL TREE
AND THE LUNGS.
• LINED WITH GOBLET CELLS & CILIATED
COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM COVERED WITH
MUCUS THAT TRAP DUST PARTICLES.
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RESIRATORY SYSTEM STRUCTURE
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THE NOSE
• NOSTRILS:- TWO EXTERNAL OPENINGS
OF THE NOSE.
• NASAL SEPTUM:- VERTICAL PARTITION
SEPARATING THE TWO NOSTRILS.
• NASAL CAVITY:- INTERIOR CHAMBERS OF
THE NOSE.
• HARD & SOFT PALATE:- THE ROOF OF
THE MOUTH
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THE PHARYNX
• NASOPHARYNX:- BEHIND THE NOSE.
• OROPHARYNX:- BEHIND THE MOUTH.
• LARYNGOPHARYNX:-BEHIND THE LARYNX
• PHARYNGEAL TONSILS:- LOCATED AT
THE UPPER END OF THE PHARYNX.
• PALATINE TONSILS:- LOCATED AT THE
LOWER END OF THE PHARYNX.
• LINGUAL TONSILS:- LOCATED AT THE
BACK OF THE TONGUE.
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NOSE & PHARYNX
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THE LARYNX
• IS A CARTILAGINOUS STRUCTURE THAT
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PROVIDE A PASSAGE FOR AIR FROM THE
PHARYNX INTO THE TRACHEA.
IT CONTAIN THE VOCAL CORDS WHICH ARE
FOLDS OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES THAT
VIBRATE TO PRODUCE VOCAL SOUNDS.
THE GLOTTIS IS THE OPENING BETWEEN THE
VOCAL CORDS LEADING INTO THE TRACHEA.
THE EPIGLOTTIS IS THE FLAP THAT COVER THE
LARYNX DURING SWALLOWING AND DIRECT
FOOD INTO THE ESOPHAGUS.
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THE LARYNX
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THE VOCAL CORDS
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THE BRONCHIAL TREE
• THE TRACHEA IS A LONG TUBE MADE OF
CARTILAGINOUS RINGS THAT EXTEND
FROM THE LARYNX TO THE LUNGS.
• IT BRANCHES TO FORM THE RIGHT AND
LEFT PRIMARY BRONCHI.
• EACH BRONCHUS ENTER A LUNG AND
BRANCHES INTO SECONDARY BRONCHI
THAT CONTINUE TO BRANCH TO FORM
VERY SMALL BRONCHIOLES.
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THE BRONCHIAL TREE
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THE LUNGS AND ALVEOLI
• THE LUNGS ARE LARGE ELASTIC ORGANS
COVERED BY A PLEURAL MEMBERANE.
• THE TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES BRANCH
TO FORM THE ALVEOLAR DUCTS WITH
EACH OF THESE TERMINATING INTO
TINY AIR SACS CALLED ALVEOLI.
• EACH ALVEOLUS IS COVERED BY A NET
OF BLOOD CAPILLARIES.
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THE ALVEOLI
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
• PULMONARY VENTILATION:- MOVEMENT
OF AIR INTO & OUT OF THE LUNGS.
• EXTERNAL RESPIRATION:-EXCHANGE OF
GASES BETWEEN AIR IN THE ALVEOLI &
CAPILLARIES BLOOD BY DIFFUSION.
• TRANSPORT OF GASES:- BY THE BLOOD
• INTERNAL RESPIRATION:- EXCHANGE OF
GASES BETWEEN CAPILLARIES BLOOD &
BODY TISSUES BY DIFFUSION.
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PULMONARY VENTILATION
• IS MOVEMENT OF AIR INTO AND OUT OF
THE LUNGS BY BREATHING.
• INSPIRATION:- CONTRACTION OF THE
DIAPHRAGM & EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL
MUSCLES EXPAND THE LUNGS VOLUME &
ALLOW AIR TO FILL THE LUNGS.
• EXPIRATION:- RELAXATION OF THE
DIAPHRAM & EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL
MUSCLES DECREASE THE LUNGS VOLUME
& PUSH AIR OUT OF THE LUNGS.
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PULMONARY VENTILATION
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PULMONARY VENTILATION
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RESPIRATORY VOLUMES
• TIDAL VOLUME {TV}:- THE VOLUME OF AIR
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INHALED OR EXHALED AT QUIET BREATHING.
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME {IRV}:- THE
ADDITIONAL VOLUME OF AIR INHALED ABOVE
THE TIDAL VOLUME INSPIRATION.
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME {ERV}:- THE
ADDITIONAL VOLUME OF AIR EXHALED AFTER
THE TIDAL VOLUME EXPIRATION.
RESIDUAL VOLUME {RV}:- THE VOLUME OF AIR
THAT ALWAYS REMAIN IN THE LUNGS.
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RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES
• INSPIRATORY CAPACITY {IC}:- THE TIDAL
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VOLUME + INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY {FRC}:RESIDUAL VOLUME + EXPIRATORY RESERVE
VOLUME.
VITAL CAPACITY {VC}:- TIDAL VOLUME +
INSPIRATORY RESEVE VOLUME + EXPIRATORY
RESERVE VOLUME.
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY {TLC}:- ALL FOUR
RESIRATORY VOLUMES TOGETHER.
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RESPIRATORY VOLUMES & CAPACITIES
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CONTROL OF RESPIRATION
• BREATHING IS CONTROLED BY THE
RESPIRATORY CENTERS IN BRAIN STEM.
• MEDULLARY INSPIRATORY AREA:PRODUCE RHYTHMIC INSPIRATION.
• MEDULLARY EXPIRATORY AREA:PRODUCE FORCEFUL EXPIRATION ONLY.
• PONS RESPIRATORY AREA:- CHANGE THE
DEPTH & LENGTH OF INSPIRATION.
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CONTROL OF RESPIRATION
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EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
• RESPIRATORY GASES ARE EXCHANGED
BETWEEN THE AIR IN ALVEOLI & BLOOD
IN THE CAPILLARIES AROUND THEM.
• GASES DIFFUSE THROUGH RESPIRATORY
MEMBRANE MADE FROM THE ALVEOLAR
WALL AND THE CAPILLARY WALL.
• OXYGEN DIFFUSES FROM ALVEOLAR AIR
INTO THE CAPILLARY BLOOD.
• CARBON DIOXIDE DIFFUSES FROM THE
CAPILLARY BLOOD INTO ALVEOLAR AIR. 24
THE RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
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TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES
OXYGEN:3% DISSOLVED IN THE PLASMA
97% OXYHEMOGLOBIN IN RBCs
CARBON DIOXIDE:7% DISSOLVED IN THE PLASMA
23% CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN IN RBCs
70% BICARBONATE IONS IN RBCs
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INTERNAL RESPIRATION
• IS THE EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY
GASES BETWEEN THE CAPILLARY BLOOD
AND THE BODY TISSUES.
• OXYGEN DIFFUSES FROM CAPILLARY
BLOOD INTO THE BODY TISSUES.
• CARBON DIOXIDE DIFFUSES FROM THE
BODY TISSUES INTO CAPILLARY BLOOD.
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INTERNAL & EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
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