Transcript Respiratory System

Respiratory System
Key Roots:
Pulmano
Thoraco
Pneumo
Objectives
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To learn the principle organs of the respiratory
system.
To learn the medical terminology of the
respiratory system
Nose
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The Nose has 2 parts:
1. Nares (Nostrils)
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External part
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They filter, moisten,
and warm the air
Lined with mucous and
cilia (little hairs)
Highly vascular
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Epistaxis=Nosebleeds
Nose
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2. Nasal Cavity
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Comprised of the Nasal and
Ethmoid bones superiorly
and the Maxilla bone
inferiorly and laterally.
Superior aspect of nasal
cavity is lined with special
olfactory cells for smell
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The Olfactory Nerve
(Cranial Nerve I) located
on roof of nasal cavity to
detect smell and send to
brain.
Sinuses linked to nasal
cavity through openings
called ostia.
Nose
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3 Conchae (Turbinates)
extend off the lateral side
of the nasal cavity
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They are the superior,
middle, and inferior
conchae.
Owing to their large surface
area, air passing through the
nasal cavity is warmed or
cooled to within 1 degree of
body temperature.
In addition, the air is
humidified, and dust and
other matter is removed by
the cilia
Throat
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Pharynx =Throat
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5 inches long
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Used for respiration and echo chamber for
sound
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1. Nasopharynx
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Posterior to nasal cavity
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Eustachian (pharyngotympanic) Tube
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Goes from the nasopharynx to the
middle ear
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Equalizes pressure
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Responsible for ear/sinus
infections
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2. Oropharynx
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Posterior to oral cavity
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Uvula
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Piece of soft tissue coming off the
soft palate of the mouth.
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Assists in speaking
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3. Laryngopharynx
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Section where pharynx ends and
opens up to two tubes:
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Esophagus (food)
Larynx (Air)
Larynx
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Larynx=Voice Box
It sits below the pharynx and
serves as the gateway to the
trachea (windpipe).
Larynx contains the vocal cords,
aka the glottis
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They vibrate when air is
exhaled to produce vocals
Larynx most made of
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1. Thyroid Cartilage
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Adam’s Apple
2. Cricoid Cartilage
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These are thick pieces of
cartilage which perpetually
keeps the voice box open.
Hyoid Bone used to keep the
larynx in place
Trachea (Windpipe)
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The trachea is below the
larynx (voice box)
Connects the throat to the
lungs
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Tracheotomies
Incision into trachea when
something is lodged in
throat preventing someone
from breathing normally.
The trachea is comprised of
rings of cartilage to keep the
airways always open
Ligaments keep them in
place
Tracheotomy
Bronchi
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Trachea divides into Rt and Left
Bronchi (Bronchus sing.)
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Carina-is the area where the
trachea ends and the bronchi
begin.
Right Bronchus is the main
tube of the Right Lung, vice
versa.
Each bronchus then divides into
smaller and smaller bronchi,
and eventually into bronchioles
“mini-bronchi”.
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This is called the Bronchial
Tree
Bronchoscopy- camera
inserted into bronchi to look for
disease.
Basic Terminology
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Eupnea- normal respiration (12-18 breaths/min)
Apnea- temporary cessation or lack of breathing
Dyspnea- Shortness of breath/difficulty breathing
Orthopnea- Dyspnea when lying supine or prone.
Tachypnea- breathing too rapidly-“tachy” means rapid/fast
Bradypnea- breathing too slowly- “brady” means slow
Laryngitis- infection of larynx; voice loss
Pharyngitis- infection of throat (commonly called Strep
Throat)
Hypoxia- low amount of oxygen in cells
Hypoxemia- low amount of oxygen in blood
Hemoptysis- coughing up blood
Intubation-(to intubate-v) the process of forcefully opening
up an airway that has closed, either due to a foreign body
(food) or laryngospasms (neurological).
Lungs
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Main organ for breathing
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Contain approx. 1,500 miles
of airways and 300-500
million alveoli
Pink in appearance
Each lung has an apex (the
top) and the base (the
bottom) that sits on the
diaphragm
Hilum-Opening on the
medial side of lungs where
the Pulmonary Artery and
Veins and bronchi enter the
lungs.
Vocabulary
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Malingerer (n) {to malinger (v)}- someone who fakes an illness to avoid
school/work.
Shyster (n)- one who manipulates someone with their words to con them
out of money or possessions.
Charlatan (n)- a fraud; someone who makes false claims that he/she is
smarter or more talented than he/she really is.
Mercurial (adj)- to be moody; quick changes in temperament
Articulate (adj)- to express oneself in a clear and persuasive manner
Ennui-(n) extreme boredom, normally due the dissatisfaction and
dullness of daily life.
Apoplectic (adj)- to be extremely anger; furious (ancient name for a
Stroke= Apoplexy)
To emote (v)- to express emotions.
Right Lung (lateral view)
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Larger than Left Lung
Contains 3 Lobes
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Superior
Middle
Inferior
Each lobe has its own
bronchi (tube) and
blood supply
What is this?
Left Lung
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Smaller than Rt Lung
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To make room for the
heart
Made of 2 lobes
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Superior
Inferior
Alveoli
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At the end of the bronchioles are the
Alveoli.
These bubble-looking organs are the
site of gas exchange.
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C02 is released when exhaling
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02 is absorbed when inhaling
The Alveoli are clumped together in
sacs and covered in Pulmonary
arterioles and venules.
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When you inhale, the oxygen
migrates through the thin
membrane and is “sucked” up by
the RBCs in the pulmonary
veins to be taken to the heart to
be pumped out to body. 0xygen
rich
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When you exhale, the Carbon
Dioxide, brought to the alveoli
by RBCs in the pulmonary
arteries, transfers across the
membrane and is breathed out.
The Pleura
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Lungs are housed in the thoracic
(chest) cavity
Pleura is the mucous that covers the
outermost layer of the lungs.
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This mucous prevents the lungs from
rubbing against the inside of the
chest cavity thus causing pain.
The outer layer of the lung is called
the Visceral Pleura.
The inside membrane of the thoracic
cavity is covered in Parietal Pleura
The small space between the two is
called the Pleural Space
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The Pleural Space is normally empty
unless you have a disease.
Diaphragm
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Diaphragm is the dome-shaped muscle
beneath the lungs that is vital in
respiration
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It is controlled by the Vagus Nerve
(CN X)
Separates the thoracic and abdominal
cavities of the ventral cavity
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In inhalation, the diaphragm
contracts and lowers itself into the
abdomen, thus decreasing the
pressure in the lungs, which “sucks”
air into the lungs.
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In exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes
and moves upward, which increases
the pressure, and thus leads to
exhalation.
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Diaphragm is controlled both
voluntarily and involuntarily.
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The Intercostal muscles help
expand the anterior ribs, rib cartilage
and sternum to help with breathing.
Pathology
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Pleurisy-Pleura fluid dries up
causing lungs to grind against
the thoracic cavity
Pleural Effusion -Fluid
accumulates in the pleural
cavity
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Thoracentesis- procedure in
which needle sucks out fluid
Pneumothorax.-air enters the
pleural cavity and collapses the
lung
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Atelectasis= collapsing of lung
Chest air tube inserted to remove
air to equalize pressure
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Bronchitis-inflammation of the
bronchi
Pneumonia-Infection of the lung
tissue (alveoli)
Tuberculosis (TB or
Consumption)
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Lung infection caused
specifically by Myobacterium
Tuberculoses bacteria.
Emphysema-overinflation of
alveoli makes it difficult to
exhale CO2 and inhale oxygen
COPD (Chronic Obstruction
Pulmonary Disease)
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Combination disease of
Chronic Bronchitis and
Emphysema
Pneumothorax
Pleural Effusion
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis