Transcript Chapter 1 - Choteau Schools

Chapter 1
Organization of the Human Body –
Organ Systems and Life-Span Changes
Organ Systems
• Integumentary System
– Includes the skin and accessory organs such as
hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
– Protects underlying tissues
– Helps regulate body temperature
– Houses a variety of sensory receptors
– Synthesizes certain products
Organ Systems
• Skeletal System
– Includes, bones, ligaments, and cartilage
– Provides a framework
– Protects softer tissues
– Serves as a place of attachment for muscles
– Produces blood cells and stores inorganic salts in
tissues within bones
Organ Systems
• Muscular System
– Includes muscles
– Provides forces that move body parts (through
contracting)
– Helps maintain posture
– Provides main source of body heat
Organ Systems
• Nervous System
– Includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense
organs
– How the system works:
• Nerve cells within the organs use electrochemical
signals (called nerve impulses) to communicate with
each other and with muscles and glands
– Some nerve cells act as specialized sensory receptors that
detect changes occurring within and outside the body
– Other nerve cells receive impulses transmitted by the sensory
nerve cells and act on the information
– Still other nerve cells carry impulses from the brain or spinal
cord to the muscles or glands , stimulating them to contract or
to secrete specific product
» The effect of the nerve impulse is relatively short-term
Organ Systems
• Endocrine System
– Includes all the glands that secrete hormones
(chemical messengers), including the pituitary gland,
thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pineal
gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, and thymus
– How the system works:
• Hormones travel away from the glands in body fluids (such
as blood) or tissue fluids
• Usually the hormone will only affect a specific group of cells
called target cells
• The hormone affects the metabolism of the target cells
• Effect of the hormone lasts for a long period of time
Organ Systems
• Cardiovascular System
– Includes the heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, and
blood
– How it works:
• Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
• Blood transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and
wastes
– Carries oxygen from the lungs to all body cells
– Carries nutrients from the digestive organs to all cells in the
body
– Transports hormones from endocrine glands to target cells
– Carries wastes from body cells to the excretory organs
Organ Systems
• Lymphatic System
– Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph
nodes, thymus, and spleen
– Transports tissue fluid back into the blood stream
– Carries certain fatty substances away from the
digestive organs
– Defends the body against infection by removing
pathogens from tissue fluid (carried out by cells
called lymphocytes)
Organ Systems
• Digestive System
– Includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine
– Breaks down food molecules into simpler forms
that can pass through cell membranes and be
absorbed into the internal environment
– Transports unabsorbed materials outside
– Some digestive organs can also produce hormones
Organ Systems
• Respiratory System
– Includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, and lungs
– Takes air in and out
– Exchanges gases between the blood and the air
• Oxygen passes from air within the lungs into the blood
• Carbon dioxide leaves the blood and enters the air
Organ Systems
• Urinary System
– Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and
urethra
– How it works:
• Kidneys remove wastes from the blood and assist in
maintaining the water and electrolyte balance of the
body, resulting in urine
• Urine is stored and transported out of the body
Organ Systems
• Reproductive System
– Male reproductive system includes the scrotum,
testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal
vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra,
and penis
• These structures produce, maintain, and tranfer
spermatozoa
– Female reproductive system includes the ovaries,
uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva.
• These structures:
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Produce, maintain, and transfer ova
Supports the development of embryos
Carry a fetus to term
Function in the birth process