Transcript Animal Cells & Tissues - Cal State LA

BIOL 100C:
Introductory Biology III
Animal Cells & Tissues
Dr. P. Narguizian
Fall 2012
Principles of Biology
THE HIERARCHY OF
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
IN AN ANIMAL
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Structure fits function at all levels of
organization in the animal body
 Anatomy—structure
 Physiology—function
 Animals consist of a hierarchy of levels or
organization
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A Cellular level
Muscle cell
B Tissue level
Muscle tissue
C Organ level
Heart
D Organ system level
Circulatory system
E Organism level
Many organ systems
functioning together
Tissues are groups of cells with a common
structure and function
 Animals have four main categories of tissues
– Epithelial tissue
– Connective tissue
– Muscle tissue
– Nervous tissue
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Tissue
Function
Structure
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Sheets of closely
packed cells
Sparse cells in
extracellular
matrix
Long cells (fibers)
with contractile
proteins
Neurons with
branching
extensions
Protection,
exchange,
secretion
Binding and
support of
other tissues
Movement of
body parts
Transmission of
nerve signals
Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its
organs and cavities
 Epithelial cells come in three shapes
– Squamous—like a fried egg
– Cuboidal—as tall as they are wide
– Columnar—taller than they are wide
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Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its
organs and cavities
 Epithelial cells come in different arrangements
– Simple
– Stratified
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Apical surface of
epithelium
Basal
lamina
Cell
Underlying
nuclei
tissue
A Simple squamous epithelium
(air sacs of the lung)
D Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
epithelium
(respiratory tract)
B Simple cuboidal epithelium
(kidney)
C Simple columnar epithelium
(intestine)
E Stratified squamous
epithelium
(esophagus)
 Connective tissue can be grouped into six major types
Fat
droplets
Cartilageforming
cells
C Adipose
tissue
Matrix
Cell
nucleus
D Cartilage
(at the end of a bone)
Collagen
fibers
Central
canal
Cell
B Fibrous connective
tissue (forming
a tendon)
White
blood
cells
Matrix
Collagen
fiber
Red
blood
cell
Elastic
fibers
A Loose connective
tissue (under
the skin)
Plasma
F Blood
E Bone
Boneforming
cells
Muscle tissue functions in movement
 Skeletal muscle causes voluntary movements
 Cardiac muscle pumps blood
 Smooth muscle moves walls of internal organs,
such as the intestines
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Unit of
muscle
contraction
Muscle
fiber
Muscle
fiber
Junction between
two cells
Nucleus
Nucleus
Muscle fiber
Nucleus
B Cardiac muscle
A Skeletal muscle
C Smooth muscle
Nervous tissue forms a communication network
 Neurons carry signals by conducting electrical
impulses
 Supporting cells insulate axons and nourish
neurons
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Cell body
Nucleus
Organs are made up of tissues
 Each tissue performs specific functions
 The heart has epithelial, connective, and nervous
tissues
– Epithelia line the heart chambers
– Connective tissues make the heart elastic
– Neurons regulate contractions
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Small intestine
Lumen
Epithelial tissue
(columnar epithelium)
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle
tissue (2 layers)
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Lumen
Organ systems work together to perform life’s
functions
 An organ system usually consists of many organs
 Each organ system has one or more functions
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Organ systems work together to perform life’s
functions
 Endocrine system controls body functions
 Skeletal and muscular systems support and
move the body
 Circulatory system transports the food and
oxygen
 Respiratory system absorbs oxygen and
releases carbon dioxide
 Integumentary system covers and protects the
body
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C Circulatory
system
D Respiratory system
Nasal cavity
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Lung
Heart
A Endocrine
Hypothalamus system
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid
gland
Ovary (female)
B Skeletal
system
Blood
vessels
Bone
Adrenal
gland
Cartilage
E Muscular
system
Pancreas
Testis
(male)
Skeletal
muscles
F Integumentary
system
Hair
Nails
Skin
Organ systems work together to perform life’s
functions
 Excretory system disposes of certain wastes
 Lymphatic and immune systems protect the
body from infection and cancer
 Reproductive system perpetuates the species
 Digestive system absorbs food
 Nervous system controls body functions
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G, H Lymphatic and
immune systems
K Reproductive
system
Thymus
Bone
marrow
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Male
Female
Lymphatic
vessels
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Oviduct
Ovary
Vas deferens
Penis
Urethra
Testis
Uterus
Vagina
I Urinary
system
Brain
Sense organ
Mouth
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
J Digestive
system
Spinal
cord
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Anus
L Nervous
system
Nerves
The integumentary system protects the body
 The skin consists of two layers
– Epidermis, at the surface
– Dermis, inner layer
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Hair
Epidermis
Sweat
pore
Muscle
Dermis
Nerve
Sweat
gland
Hypodermis
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels
Oil gland
Hair follicle
The integumentary system protects the body
 Skin has many functions
– Epidermis
– Resists damage
– Decreases water loss
– Prevents penetration by microbes
– Dermis
– Sensory information
– Synthesis of vitamin D
– Temperature regulation
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EXCHANGES
WITH THE EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
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Structural adaptations enhance exchange
between animals and their environment
 Animals must exchange materials with the
environment
 Respiratory system exchanges gases
 Digestive system acquires food and eliminates wastes
 Excretory system eliminates metabolic waste
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External environment
CO2 O
Food
2
Mouth
Animal
Respiratory
system
Digestive
system
Interstitial
fluid
Heart
Nutrients
Circulatory
system
Body
cells
Urinary
system
Intestine
Anus
Unabsorbed
matter (feces)
Metabolic waste
products (urine)
Structural adaptations enhance exchange
between animals and their environment
 Adaptations that increase surface area promote
exchanges with the environment
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Animals regulate their internal environment
 Homeostasis is an internal steady state
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External
environment
Internal
environment
Homeostatic
mechanisms
Large
fluctuations
Small
fluctuations
Animals regulate their internal environment
 Humans promote homeostasis by
– Adding clothing when we are cold
– Drinking water when we are dehydrated
– Eating when our calories are running low
– Urinating when our bladders are full
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Sweat glands secrete sweat
that evaporates, cooling body
 Negative
feedback
mechanisms
permit only
small
fluctuations
around set
points
Thermostat in brain
activates cooling
mechanisms
Blood vessels in
skin dilate and
heat escapes
Temperature
decreases
Thermostat shuts off
cooling mechanisms
Temperature rises
above normal
Homeostasis:
Internal body temperature
of approximately 36–38°C
Temperature
increases
Thermostat shuts off
warming mechanisms
Temperature falls
below normal
Blood vessels in skin
constrict, minimizing
heat loss
Skeletal muscles
rapidly contract,
causing shivering,
which generates heat
Thermostat in
brain activates
warming mechanisms
Let’s test your knowledge…
Tissue
Function
Structure
Epithelial
Sheets of closely
packed cells
Connective
Sparse cells in
extracellular
matrix
Muscle
Long cells (fibers)
with contractile
proteins
Nervous
Neurons with
branching
extensions
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
You should now be able to
 Explain the relationship between anatomy and
physiology
 Describe the structural hierarchy of the body from
cell to organism
 Explain how an animal’s form is influenced by its
environment
 Describe an example of convergent evolution
 Describe the general structures and functions of
the major tissues of the human body
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You should now be able to
 List and describe the functions of the major
systems of the body
 Explain how materials are exchanged between an
organism and its environment
 Define homeostasis and describe several examples
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