Transcript File

The Body Systems
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Digestive
Excretory
Muscular
Skeletal
Respiratory
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Reproductive
Immune
Nervous
Integumentary
Circulatory
Functions of Cells
Cell Function
Cell work together to perform basic life processes that keep organisms alive.
Getting rid of body wastes.
Making new cells for growth and repair.
Releasing energy from food.
Cellular Organization
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
Tissues, Organs, & Systems
• Cells that work together to perform a specific
function form a tissue.
• Just as cells that work together form a tissue,
tissues that work together form an organ.
• Organs that work together to perform a function
form a system. Example: circulatory system.
• Plant cells also form tissues, such as the bark of a
tree. And plant cells work together, forming
organs, such as roots and leaves.
The Integumentary System
Main Organs:
• Skin (Epidermis & Dermis)
• Hair
Purpose/Function:
• Protects the body - from injury, infection, and
water loss
• Maintaining Temperature
• Eliminating Waste - through sweating
• Produce Vitamins - (Such as Vitamin D)
The Integumentary System
Relationship with other system(s):
• Nervous System: The skin is connected to the
sense of touch and offers a first alarm source.
• Muscular System: Skin Protects the muscles from
harm.
Interesting Facts:
• Skin is the largest organ in the body.
• An average adult has 20 sq. ft. of skin.
• Every month you have a whole new layer of skin.
The Muscular System
Purpose/Function: To create movement and
strength of the body, and to create movement of
body organs.
Main Organs:
• Skeletal / Voluntary Muscles: move bones and hold
your skeleton upright.
• Smooth Muscles: contract slowly and move substances
through the internal organs they surround.
• Cardiac Muscle: make up the walls of the heart.
Function is to pump blood.
The Muscular System
Relationship with other systems:
• Skeletal - allows movement of joints.
• Circulatory - The heart is the cardiac muscle.
• Digestive System - Smooth muscles help the
digestive organs to break down food.
Interesting Facts:
• You have over 30 facial muscles which create looks like
surprise, happiness, sadness, and frowning.
• Eye muscles are the busiest muscles in the body.
Scientists estimate they may move more than 100,000
times a day!
• The strongest muscle in the body is the tongue.
Muscular System Cool Facts!
- There are about 60 muscles in the face. Smiling is
easier than frowning. It takes 20 muscles to smile and
over 40 to frown.
- The longest muscle in the body is the sartorius, from
the outside of the hip, down and across to the inside of
the knee. It rotates the thigh outwards and bends the
knee.
- The smallest muscle in the body is the stapedius, deep
in the ear. It is only 5mm long and thinner than cotton
thread. It is involved in hearing.
- The biggest muscle in the body is the gluteus maximus,
in the buttock. It pulls the leg backwards powerfully for
walking, running and climbing steps.
The Skeletal System
• Purpose/Function: provides (shape and support,
allows for movement, protection , production of
minerals(blood cells) and storage of minerals.
• Main Organs: 206 total bones (cranium,
metatarsals, phalanges, femur, mandible,)
• Relationship with other system(s): Muscular
System – Each individual muscle in the body is
connected to one or more parts of the skeletal
system. Circulatory System – A substance known
as marrow is created inside bones and aids the
production of red and white blood cells.
Skeletal System Cool Facts!
- The largest bone is the pelvis, or hip bone. In fact it is made
of six bones joined together.
- The longest bone is the ‘femur’, in the thigh. it makes up
almost one quarter of the body’s total height.
- The smallest bone is the 'stirrup', deep in the ear. It is hardly
larger than a grain of rice.
• After death, cartilage rots faster than bone. This is why the
skulls of skeletons have no nose or ears.
Digestive System
• Purpose/Function: breakdown food into energy
for your body to function and survive.
• Main Organs: mouth, throat, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine.
• Relationship with other systems: Circulatory
System carries nutrients broken down by
digestive system in the blood stream to other
parts of the body for energy consumption.
The Digestive System
• Digestion begins as you chew food.
• Glands in your mouth produce saliva to moisten
food.
• The food passes through the esophagus to the
stomach and moves to the small intestine.
• Nutrients diffuse through the villi, tiny projections
from the intestine, into the blood.
Gross and Cool Facts
• HOW LONG ARE YOUR INTESTINES? At least 25 feet
in an adult. Be glad you're not a full-grown horse -- their
coiled-up intestines are 89 feet long!
• Chewing food takes from 5-30 seconds
• Swallowing takes about 10 seconds
• Food sloshing in the stomach can last 3-4 hours
• It takes 3 hours for food to move through the intestine
• Food drying up and hanging out in the large intestine can
last 18 hours to 2 days!
• Americans eat about 700 million pounds of peanut butter.
• Americans eat over 2 billion pounds of chocolate a year.
• In your lifetime, your digestive system may handle about
50 tons!!
Feed The Digestive System
• http://science.nationalgeographic.com/scien
ce/health-and-human-body/humanbody/digestive-system-article/#close-modal
The Circulatory System
Purpose/Function: Carries needed materials (Oxygen, Sugar) to
cells, and carries waste (Carbon Dioxide) away from cells.
Main Organs:
1. Heart - The muscle that pumps blood to and from cells.
2. Blood Vessels: The tubes that transport blood from the heart
throughout the body and back again.
a) Arteries - Carry oxygen-rich blood cells from the heart
throughout the body.
i.
Capillaries - Are narrow arteries.
b) Veins - Carry oxygen-poor blood cells from the body
back into the lungs and heart.
The Circulatory System
Relationship with other systems:
Respiratory System: Blood cells are transported through the lungs to
gain oxygen and to get rid of carbon dioxide.
Skeletal System: Red blood cells are produced in bone marrow.
Immune System: Blood cells are responsible for delivering disease
fighting materials.
Interesting Facts:
• The body of an adult contains over 60,000 miles of blood vessels!
• An adult's heart pumps nearly 4000 gallons of blood each day!
• The average three-year-old has two pints of blood in their body;
the average adult at least five times more!
• A "heartbeat" is really the sound of the valves in the heart closing
as they push blood through its chambers.
Circulatory System
Gross and Cool Facts!
• The body of an adult contains over 60,000
miles of blood vessels!
• An adult's heart pumps nearly 4000 gallons of
blood each day!
• Your heart beats some 30 million times a year!
• The average three-year-old has two pints of
blood in their body; the average adult at least
five times more!
• A "heartbeat" is really the sound of the valves
in the heart closing as they push blood through
its chambers.
The Respiratory System
Purpose/Function: The primary function
is do supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to
deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. It also removes
Carbon Dioxide from the blood.
Main Organs: Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchial Tubes,
Diaphragm, and Lungs
Relationship with other systems: Circulatory System,
Muscular System
The Respiratory System
• Air enters the body through nasal passages is
filtered, then travels down the trachea.
• The trachea branches into two tubes called
bronchi, which lead to the lungs.
• At the end of the bronchi are tiny tubes called
aveoli, small air sacs.
• Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged in the
aveoli and the oxygen rich blood enters the body
through the pulmonary veins.
Respiratory System
Gross and Cool Facts!
• Your lungs contain almost 1500 miles of
airways and over 300 million alveoli.
• Every minute you breathe in 13 pints of air.
• Plants are our partners in breathing. We
breathe in air, use the oxygen in it, and release
carbon dioxide. Plants take in carbon dioxide
and release oxygen. Thank goodness!
• People tend to get more colds in the winter
because we're indoors more often and in close
proximity to other people. When people
sneeze, cough and even breathe -- germs go
flying!
The Excretory System
• Purpose/Function: Removes waste from the
body. Cell wastes include carbon dioxide and
ammonia.
• Main Organs: The kidneys, bladder, and urethra
make up part of the excretory system.
• The body also removes wastes through sweating.
Sweat is a salty liquid that evaporates from the
skin.
The Excretory System
• Relationship with other systems:
– Respiratory System: The lungs are responsible
for getting rid of the carbon dioxide waste
product.
– Integumentary System: The skin allows the
body to sweat salty liquid waste through pores
to be evaporated.
• Interesting Facts:
– The average person pees 3,000 times a year.
– Humans can live with only one kidney.
The Immune System
Main Organs:
• White Blood Cells:
– T Cells (Identify Diseases).
– B Cells (Antibodies - Destroy diseases).
Purpose/Function:
• Protects the body from disease pathogens such as
bacteria and viruses.
The Immune System
Relationship with other system(s):
• Integumentary - Skin is the first line of defense from
disease.
• Endocrine - The endocrine system is responsible for
producing body chemicals that help prevent diseases.
Interesting Facts:
• A vaccination is a weakened form of a virus that is
injected into the body on purpose to trigger the T cells to
be on the lookout for the virus.
• An antibiotic is a chemical that kills bacteria in the body.
• T Cells are produced in the Thymus (Lymph nodes in the
chest).
• B Cells are produced in the Bone Marrow.
The Immune System Cool Facts!
• The skin secretes antibacterial substances.
These substances explain why you don't wake
up in the morning with a layer of mold growing
on your skin - most bacteria and spores that
land on the skin die quickly.
• Tears and mucus contain an enzyme (lysozyme)
that breaks down the cell wall of many
bacteria.
The Reproductive System
Purpose/Function: For the continuation of the species
(Making Babies)
Main Organs:
• Testes - (in males) Produce the male gamete (sperm)
for sexual reproduction, and also stimulate the
production of male hormones (ex: testosterone).
• Ovaries - (in females) Produce the female gamete
(ovum/egg) for sexual reproduction, and also produce
female hormones (ex: estrogen and progesterone).
The Reproductive System
Relationship with other systems:
Nervous System: All reproductive activities are
stimulated by the nervous system.
Endocrine System (Hormone). Some reproductive
organs stimulate hormone development in the
Endocrine System.
Interesting Facts:
• About 500 million sperm cells mature daily in an
average male.
• At puberty, a female has between 300,000 to 400,000
viable eggs that can be fertilized.
• Upon fertilization between a sperm and egg, a
chemical reaction occurs causing the outer shell of
the egg to become impenetrable.
The Nervous System
Main Organs:
• Brain (Includes Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and Brain Stem)
• Spinal Cord - contains the nerve highway for the body
(found in the vertebrae/backbone).
• Nerves & Neurons (Nerve Cells)
• Senses (Vision, Hearing (and balance), Smell, Taste, Touch)
Purpose/Function:
• Receives information internally and externally from the
sense organs, and directs the body to respond to the
information. (Stimulus & Response)
• Helps body to maintain homeostasis (ability to maintain a
constant stable internal condition).
The system that controls all of the
activities of the body. (1)
The nervous system is made up of the
following : (2)
The brain
The nerves
The spinal cord
The senses
The nervous system allows you to
react to a stimulus.
A stimulus is a change in the environment. (3)
Example: A hot stove
Or… tripping over a rock
* An automatic reaction that
happens without thinking about it.
* A reflex happens quickly in
less than a second.
Most of our reactions are automatic.
Automatic means that you do not
necessarily have to think about your
reactions.
Example: If a bug flies by your eye,
you will blink automatically.
The Nervous System controls
Homeostasis (4)
The maintenance of a
constant environment in
the body
– Temperature
– Water levels
– Glucose (Sugar) concentration
Messages carried throughout the body
by nerves.
Basic Process of the Nervous System (4)
Sensory Input:
Monitors both
outside and inside
environments.
Processing: Collects
the information and
often combines
(integrates) it with
already stored
information.
Motor output: If
needed, it will signal
certain organs to
make an appropriate
response.
The Central Nervous System is made
of the brain and the spinal cord. (5)
The Central Nervous System is the
Control Center for the body. (6)
* The brain controls everything in the
body.
* The brain is made of more than 10
billion nerves!
* The brain is divided into three
parts and is protected by the skull.
(relationship with Skeletal System).
* The Brain has three main parts… (8)
1. The Cerebrum
2. The Cerebellum
3. The Brain Stem
* The Cerebrum is the largest part of
the brain.
1. The cerebrum controls your thinking.
2. The cerebrum controls your memory.
3. The cerebrum controls your speaking.
4. The cerebrum controls your movement and identifies
the information gathered by your sense organs.
* The cerebellum is below and to the
back of the cerebrum.
1. The cerebellum controls your balance.
2. The cerebellum controls your posture.
* The Brain Stem connects the brain to
the spinal cord.
* The nerves in the brain stem control
your heartbeat, breathing, and blood
pressure.
* The spinal cord sends messages to the
brain.
* The spinal cord is the part of the
nervous system that connects the brain
to the rest of the nervous system. (8)
* The vertebrae are the many
bones that protect the nerves in
the spinal cord. (Relationship with
the Skeletal System)
The Outer Nervous System is made of
the nerves and the sense organs. (9)
Nerves
Sense organs
* The outer nervous system carries
messages between the central nervous
system and the rest of the body.
* The Outer Nervous System’s
job is to connect the Central
Nervous System to the rest of the
body.
* The outer nervous system
controls the body’s activities
that you don’t necessarily think
about.
* The outer nervous system controls
activities in your small intestine, your
breathing, and your heartbeat. (10)
controls
Sense organs
carry messages
that concern
the
environment to
the central
nervous
system.
The eyes (Vision), ears (Hearing),
nose (Smell), tongue (Taste), and
skin (Touch) are examples of sense
organs.
The sense organs gather
information (light, sound, heat,
and pressure) from the
environment.
Vision is your ability to see.
Vision involves the eye and the brain.
When a sound is made, the air
around the sound vibrates.
Hearing starts when some of the
sound waves go into the ear.
The pinna is the part of the ear
that you can see.
The ear canal is the tube between the
outside of the ear and the ear drum.
The ear drum is in the middle ear. It
vibrates when sound waves hit it.
The ear works with the brain to
control your balance.
All of your movements are controlled
by balance and muscles.
The liquid in your inner ear is responsible
for your balance.
The liquid in your ear moves when we move.
The liquid movement sends information to the
brain to tell it how we are moving.
The sense of touch is located in the skin.
The nerves in the skin allow us
to feel texture, pressure,
heat, cold, and pain.
Texture is how something feels.
The nose controls your sense of smell.
The nose is able to smell 80
different kinds of smells.
Your sense of taste comes from the
taste buds in the tongue.
Taste buds are the parts on the tongue
that allow us to taste.
The four kinds of taste buds are
sweet, sour, bitter, and salty.
Tastes and smells work
together to make flavors.
Flavors are the tastes
of food and drinks.
The Nervous System
Relationship with other systems:
• All other systems: The brain is responsible for
sending information signals to all other systems in
order for them to function.
Interesting Facts:
• Only four percent of the brain's cells work while the
remaining cells are kept in reserve.
• There are more nerve cells in the human brain than
there are stars in the Milky Way.
• The total surface area of the human brain if stretched
out is about the size of a pillow case
Did You Know?…..
That you have a nerve along your whole
arm.
The “funny bone” is the only place on
the arm where the nerve is not
protected.
The “funny bone” is on the elbow.
Optical Illusion- Visually perceived
images that differ from reality.