Transcript Presentation

SCSH 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
SAP1 Students will analyze anatomical
structures in relationship to their
physiological functions.
SAP4: Students will analyze the physical,
chemical, and biological properties of
process systems as these relate to
transportation, absorption and
excretion, including the cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive, excretory and
immune systems.
1. What is the
Circulatory
System?
An internal
transport system.
2. List and
describe the three
parts of the human
circulatory system:
BLOOD
.A fluid tissue
composed of water,
dissolved solids, and
living cells.
Blood Vessels
.Tubes of various
diameters through
which blood is
transported.
HEART
.Muscular pump
that generates
pressure to keep
blood flowing.
3. Describe an
open circulatory
system.
a) Blood is pumped
from a heart into
large tissue spaces
where organs are
bathed in blood
fluid.
b) Blood is returned
to the heart at a
leisurely rate.
Examples include
Arthropods and
mollusks.
4. Describe a closed
circulatory system
and give an example.
a) All the vessels
and the heart are
connected so that
blood remains
enclosed.
b) Blood volume is
constant; rate slows
as blood moves
through the
capillary beds.
Examples: all
vertebrates,
including humans.
5. Explain how the
Lymphatic system is
linked to the
circulatory system:
a) The lymphatic
system picks up
excess liquids,
solutes, and disease
agents from the
interstitial fluid.
b) The lymph is
cleansed by
exposure to white
blood cells before
being returned to
general circulation.
6. List the four
functions of the
blood:
a) It carries oxygen
and nutrients to the
cells,and carries
secretions and waste
away from the cell.
b) It carries
phagocytic cells that
fights infection.
c) It helps stabilize
internal pH.
d) It equalizes body
temperatures in
birds and mammals.
7. How much blood
is found in an
average adult?
“4 – 5 quarts”
8. Describe the
blood plasma:
a) Liquid portion of
the blood – mostly
water.
b) Contains
specialized plasma
proteins.
c) Contains ions,
glucose, lipids,
amino acids,
vitamins, hormones,
and dissolved gases.
9. List and
describe the
specialized
proteins found in
the plasma.
Alpha Globulins
.Transports Lipids
Beta Globulins
.Transports vitamins
Gamma Globulins
.Functions in the
immune response
Fibrinogen
.Functions in blood
clotting.
Red blood cells
10. Name of red
Blood cells.
ERYTHROCYTES
11. Shape of Red
Blood cells:
Biconcave disks.
12. Name of protein
In red blood cell:
HEMOGLOBIN
(Iron containing)
13. Function of the
Red blood cell:
Transport oxygen
and carbon dioxide
gas.
14. Where are red
Blood cells made?
In the red bone
marrow from stem
cells
15. What is the
Difference between
The red stem cells
And the adult red
Blood cell?
The stem cells have
a nucleus and
undergo mitosis to
create new red
blood cells.
The adult red blood
cells has NO nucleus
and cannot divide!
16.What is the
Lifespan of the
Mature red blood
Cell?
Then, they are attacked
and destroyed by
phagocytic white blood
cells.
17. What is the ratio
of red blood cells to
total blood volume?
Males: 5.4
Million / microliter
Females: 4.8
Million / microliter
18. Why do you
suppose that males
have a higher ratio
of red blood cells
than females?
Men need more oxygen
for greater ATP
production because they
have a greater muscle
mass and are genetically
designed to do harder
work.
19.Name of white
blood cells:
“LEUCOCYTES”
20. LIST THE
JOBS OF THE
WHITE BLOOD
CELLS:
A)Remove dead or
worn out cells.
B)Protect the body
from invading
microbes.
21. Where are the
white blood cells
made?
They are made
from stem cells in
the bone marrow.
22. List and
describe the five
types of white
blood cells.
.
The “B” AND “T”
Cells are involved
in the immune
system.
Immature macrophage
– follows chemical
trails to inflamed
tissues,there they
develop into
macrophage and attack
the pathogen
Responds to an
injury alert. Stands
guard and fights
bacteria that would
hinder the healing
process.
Responds to damaged
tissues. Their job is to
prevent clotting of the
red blood cells during
the healing process
23
WHAT ARE
PLATELETS?
Blood Cell
Fragments
24
WHAT DO
PLATELETS DO?
Forms a blood clot
that is used to plug
leaks in the blood
vessels.
25
WHAT IS THE
AVERAGE LIFE
SPAN OF
PLATLETS?
5–9
DAYS
26. Describe the
general pathway of
the blood:
1
.Blood leaves the
heart.
2
.Travels through
huge arteries
3
. Arteries branch
out into smaller
arterioles.
4
.Arterioles branch into
capillaries. Capillaries go to
individual cells and deliver
nutrients and pickup waste
products.
5
. Capillaries deliver
the Trash – laden
blood to the
venules.
6
.Venuoles merge to
form veins
7
.Veins return the
blood to the heart.
27. What is the
Pulmonary Circuit?
a) Chambers and
vessels that make
up the RIGHT side
of the heart.
b) Collects oxygen
poor blood from the
body and sends it to
the lungs.
28. What is the
Systemic Circuit?
a) Chambers and
vessels that make
up the LEFT side of
the heart.
b) Receives oxygen
RICH blood from
the lungs and sends
it out to the entire
body.
29. What is a
Capillary bed?
A mesh of
capillaries where
diffusion occurs
between the blood
and various body
tissues occurs.
30. Why is the blood
detoured through the
liver after leaving the
digestive system before
it is allowed back into
general circulation?
1)Filter out
unwanted toxins.
2)Change some
nutrients to a
more usable form
31. Describe the
CONSTRUCTION of
the heart:
a) The heart itself
is made of Cardiac
Muscle.
b) The heart is
enclosed in a tough
fibrous sac called
the
PERICARDIUM.
C) The chambers of
the heart are lined
with connective
tissue and
endothelium.
32. Differentiate
oxygen poor blood
and oxygen rich
blood:
Oxygen rich
Blood contains a
fresh load of oxygen
from the lungs.
Oxygen Poor:
This blood is low in
oxygen, and loaded
down with carbon
dioxide waste.
33. Major vessel
that brings oxygen poor blood from the
lower parts of the
body:
Inferior
Vena Cava
34. Major vessel
that brings oxygenpoor blood from the
UPPER parts of the
body:
Superior
Vena Cava
35. Chamber that
receives the oxygen
poor blood:
Right
Atrium
36. Chamber that
sends this oxygen
poor blood to the
lungs:
Right
Ventricle
37. Major vessel
that carries
oxygen poor blood
to the lungs
Pulmonary
Artery
38. Major vessel
that brings oxygen
rich blood from the
lungs – back to the
heart:
Pulmonary
Veins
39. Chamber that
receives oxygen rich
blood from the
lungs.
Left
Atrium
40. Chamber that
sends oxygen rich
blood from the
heart to the body.
Left
Ventricle
41. Vessel that
carries oxygen rich
blood from the
heart to the body
Aorta
43. Identify the
following heart
valves:
Tricuspid
Type: Atrioventricular
Location: separates the
right Atrium and right
ventricle
Bicuspid
Type: Atrioventricular
Location: separates the
left Atrium and left
ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Type: Semi-lunar
Location: Separates the
Right ventricle and the
pulmonary artery.
Aortic Valve
Type: Semi - Lunar
Location: Separates the
left ventricle and the
Aorta.
43. How is the
heart muscle itself
serviced?
Fed? Nutrient rich
blood is delivered
to the cardiac
muscle through the
Coronary Arteries.
Waste Removal?
Waste is removed from
the heart cells by
blood traveling in the
Coronary veins.
44. What is meant
by the cardiac
cycle?
The cardiac cycle is
a sequence of
contractions and
relaxations.
45. Differentiate
Systole and
Diastole:
Systole is a measure
of the amount of
pressure exerted as
the ventricles pump
blood out of the
heart.
Diastole is the
pressure exerted
while the heart is
between contractions
and is refilling the
ventricles.
46. Explain how the
two sides of the
heart work in
unison:
a)Both Atria fill up at
the same time.
b)Pressure from the
filled atria open both
A-V valves at the same
time.
c) Both Ventricles fill up
at the same time.
d) Both A-V valves slam
shut at the same time.
e)Both ventricles contract
at the same time.
f) Blood leaves
ventricles, goes through
the S-L and out the
arteries at the same
time.
g) Both S-L valves
slam shut at the same
time.
47. What is normal
heart sound?
LUB - DUB
48. What causes
normal heart
sound?
Lub = slamming of the
two atrioventricular
valves.
Dub = slamming of the
two semi-lunar valves
49. What causes a
heart murmur?
Occasionally, one of
those valves will not
shut properly, and a
little backflow of blood
occurs.
50. Describe the sound
of the heart beat with
a heart murmur:
Lub-Swish-dub
Or
Lub-dub-swish
51. What is a heart
beat?
The unified
contractions of the
cardiac muscle.
52. Describe the
cardiac conduction
system:
Electrical stimulation for
atria contraction comes
from the sinoatrial node.
This signal is then passed
to the atrioventricular
node for ventricle
contraction.
Circulatory
System
Part Two
1. What happens
to blood pressure
as it travels
through the
circulatory
system?
Blood
pressure
drops along
the way due to
resistance.
2. Which
direction
does arteries
carry blood?
Arteries carry
blood as it is
traveling AWAY
from the heart.
3. Explain how the
construction of
the artery wall
affects blood
pressure:
Because of their
muscular , elastic walls,
arteries tend to smooth
out the pressure
changes caused by the
discontinuous
pumping cycle of the
heart.
4. What happens to
the blood pressure
as the blood leaves
the arteries and
enters the
arterioles?
The blood
pressure drops!
Why does this
happen?
Only a portion of
the total blood
flow enters. First
step in the
Resistance factor
occuring.
5. What is the role
of the
ARTERIOLES?
Arterioles function
as a breakdown
station that
redirects the blood
to the capillaries.
6. How is the
nervous system
and the endocrine
system involved in
blood pressure?
Neural and endocrine
signals cause changes
in arteriole diameter by
stimulating the muscle
cells in the walls of the
arterioles.
7. What is
considered a good
“average” blood
pressure?
120
80
8. What is the
difference
between Systole
and Diastole
pressure?
120
80
Systole
Diastole
Systole=pressure
caused by the
beating of the heart.
120
80
Systole
Diastole
Diastole = pressure
that occurs while the
heart is at rest.
9. What is the
name of the device
used to measure
blood pressure?
Sphygmomanometer
10. How is the
medulla oblongata
involved in
monitoring blood
pressure?
a) Monitors
signals from
various arteries to
determine the rate
of heartbeat and
any changes.
b) If the blood
pressure increases,
the arterioles are
instructed to relax.
(vasodilation)
c) If the pressure
decreases, the
diameter of the
arterioles
decreases =
vasiconstriction
d) Hormones such
as epinephrine and
angiostensis send
signals to adjust
arteriole diameter.
11. Explain how
and why the
nervous system
would control the
blood volume:
a) Nerves make
adjustments in
heart rate and
vessel diameter to
meet tissue need.
b) Local conditions,
such as need for
more oxygen and
nutrients, cause
changes in rate of
flow near those
tissues.
12. What is the role
of the capillaries?
The capillaries are
DIFFUSION ZONES
for EXCHANGES
between blood and
interstitial fluid.
13. Describe a
capillary:
a) Smallest blood
vessel.
b) Red blood cells
travel in single
file.
c) Wall are only 1
cell thick to allow
for diffusion of the
gases to occur.
SCSH 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
SAP1 Students will analyze anatomical
structures in relationship to their
physiological functions.
SAP4: Students will analyze the physical,
chemical, and biological properties of
process systems as these relate to
transportation, absorption and
excretion, including the cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive, excretory and
immune systems.
14. Explain the four
modes of
movement across
the capillary:
a) Diffusion of
oxygen and carbon
dioxide gas
b) Endocytosis and
exocytosis of
proteins.
c) Movement of
ions between
adjacent cells
d) Bulk flow of
water by
OSMOSIS.
15. Why is Venous
pressure low?
The blood has
experienced a lot of
resistance on its
way back to the
heart, therefore
pressure is low.
16. What prevents
back flow of blood
in veins?
The presence
of one-way
valves in the
veins.
17. Explain
the role that
the veins play
in blood
storage:
Veins can be used
as blood reservoirs
Because their
walls can distend
or contract.
18. Since the
pressure in the veins
is so low, what
causes the blood to
flow through the
veins at all?
The movement
of skeletal
muscles
squeezes the
veins
19. What is
HEMOSTASIS?
The process of
repairing the
damage when a
blood vessel
ruptures.
20. List the steps
of hemostasis:
a) Spasms of the
smooth muscles in
the damaged blood
vessel stops blood
flow for a few
minutes.
Platelets
clump to
plug the
rupture.
b)
c) The blood
coagulates and
forms a clot; the
clot then retracts
into a compact
mass.
Explain
how red blood
cells are
recognized by
the body.
21.
The red blood
cell has surface
proteins that
serve as “self”
markers.
22. What would
happen if the body’s
immune system
came in contact with
blood cells that had
“foreign” markers?
Antibodies
recognize the
markers as foreign.
The foreign cell is
destroyed.
Blood Type: “A”
Marker present:
“A” marker
Can donate to: A or AB
Can receive from: A or O
Blood Type: “B”
Marker present:
“B” marker
Can donate to: B or AB
Can receive from: B or O
Blood Type: “AB”
Marker present:
“A” & “B” markers
Can donate to: AB only
Can receive from: A, B,
AB, or O
Blood Type: “O”
Marker present:
No marker present
Can donate to: All types
Can receive from: “O”
only
24. What
happens if
incompatible
donors and
recipients are
mixed?
Blood cells will
clump up.
(AGGLUTINATION)
25. What will
happen if a Rh
negative person is
transfused with Rh
positive blood?
The Rh
negativeperson
will develop
antibodies against
the Rh positive
marker.
The Rh positive
blood will be
destroyed by the
immune system of
the Rh negative
person.
26. Explain
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS
FETALIS and
preventative measures
that can be taken:
a- The first time a Rh
negative mother
carries an Rh positive
child, her body will
produce antibodies
against the Rh positive
marker.
b- The next time
that the Rh
negative mother
carries a Rh
positive baby,
Her antibodies will
attack the fetus. This
results in
erythroblastosis fetalis
if too many cells are
destroyed and the
baby dies.
PREVENTATIVE
MEASURES:
After the delivery of each
Rh positive child, the Rh
negative mother must be
given an injection of
PHOGAM.
This will inactivate the Rh
antibodies
SCSH 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
SAP1 Students will analyze anatomical
structures in relationship to their
physiological functions.
SAP4: Students will analyze the physical,
chemical, and biological properties of
process systems as these relate to
transportation, absorption and
excretion, including the cardiovascular,
respiratory, digestive, excretory and
immune systems.
27. What does the
lymphatic system
do with the excess
fluid that it
absorbs from the
interstitial fluid?
It is returned to
the blood stream
28. What is the
name of the tissue
fluid that is
traveling through
the lymphatic
system? LYMPH
29. WHAT ARE
LYMPH NODES?
What is their job?
What ?
A collection point
for white blood
cells.
Their job?
To destroy any
pathogenic
pollution that may
be in the lymph.
30. What is the
role of the
following lymphoid
organs:
SPLEEN
Remove old red blood cells
and holds macrophages and
reserve red blood cells.
In human embryos, it
produces red blood cells.
Thymus
Secretes hormones
that regulate the
activity of lymphocytes
and is a site where
they multiply and
mature.