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Honors Biology
Module 13 – Phylum Chordata
Vertebrate Animals
February 25, 2016
Class Challenge
Recite a poem: POETRY OUT LOUD !!
Next Week’s Class Challenge:
2 Truths and a lie
February 25, 2016
Identify the following:
Quiz 22
Identify this Arthropoda
Hint: Class Diplopoda
Identify this Arthropoda
Hint: Class Chilopoda
ID the following wings:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Draw and label the Life cycle of the
Mosquito
Draw and label Complete
Metamorphosis
Draw and Label Incomplete
Metamorphosis
Identify the following Native Insects
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1. Millipede
2. Centipede
A.
B.
C.
D.
Leather wings
Membranous wings
Scaled wings
Horny wings
Florida Native Insects
1. damselfly
2. dragonfly
3. butterfly
4. termite
5. scorpion
6. earwig
7. grasshopper
8. cricket
9. honeybee
10. Wolf spider
Phylum Chordata
Fish, reptiles, and mammals …..all animals with a
backbone are found in this phylum.
A vertebrae are segments of bone or some other hard
substance that are arranged into a backbone.
Notochord
Some creatures have a notochord which is a
tough, flexible material that runs the length
of the body, providing the majority of its
support.
Phylum Chordata
Have so much diversity that it must be split into three
subphyla:
1. Subphylum Urochordata contains those creatures that
have a notochord through larva stage but then the
notochord actually disappears in the adult stage. Fig. 13.1
2.
Subphylum Cephalochordata holds those organisms
that have notochords throughout their entire lives. Fig 13.2
3.
Subphylum Vertebrata is made up of those vertebrates
that have a notochord during their early development, but
it turns into a true backbone before the animals are born
or hatched. This group is usually referred to as
“vertebrates.”
Not only do organisms have some kind of
backbone, but they also have a dorsal
nerve cord.
Remember ….
Arthropods have nerve cords on the ventral
side of their bodies.
Chordates have the nerve cords on the
dorsal side of their bodies.
Vertebrae actually encase the nerve chord,
providing optimum protection.
The Endoskeleton
Unlike arthropods which support their bodies
with an exoskeleton, vertebrates get their
bodily support from an endoskeleton.
A skeleton on the inside of a creature’s body,
typically composed of bone or cartilage.
See figure 13.3
Bones are made up of…
Living cells surrounded by a hard substance called
bone matrix.
There are 3 types of bone cells:
1. Osteoblasts: promote the formation of bone
tissue by producing the bone matrix.
2. Osteocytes: are mature bone cells that are
surrounded by bone matrix. Bones actually grow
and reshape as the vertebrate grows and as its
support needs change.
3. Osteoclasts: able to break down bone tissue to
liberate minerals that are stored in there.
Figure 13.3
Types of bone tissues: both containing
collegen mixed with calcium-containing
salts that harden the tisue.
1. Compact bone tissue: is able to
withstand strong shocks.
2. Spongy bone tissue: This is quite strong
and provides support without adding a lot
of weight.
Periosteum
The compact and spongy bone tissue are both
surrounded by a dense membrane called
periosteum. This is the layer contains blood
vessels that supply oxygen and nutrient to the
cells in the bone.
The blood vessels travel through a series of
interconnecting canals that are woven
throughout the bone.
It also contains nerves. When you break a bone,
these nerves send pain signals to your brain.
Bone Marrow
Is the very center of the bone. It contains
soft tissue inside the bone that produces
blood cells.
Cartilage
Is composed of collagen fibers like bone
tissue, but the collagen is slightly different.
Cartilage is not reinforced with calcium
salts so it makes it more flexible than
bone, but it is also weaker.
Figure 13.4
Axial Skeleton: The portion of the skeleton
that supports and protects the head, neck
and trunk.
Appendicular Skeleton: The portion of the
skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton
and has the limbs attached to it.
Circulatory System
Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system in which
the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the
blood vessels.
Arteries: blood vessels that
carry blood away from heart.
Capillaries: Tiny, thin walled
blood vessels that allow the
exchange of gases and
nutrients from blood and cells.
Vein: blood vessels that
carry blood back to the heart.
The Nervous System
Figure 13.5
The nervous system is controlled by the brain. Brains are
segmented into five different lobes:
1. Olfactory: receives signals from the receptors in the nose.
2. Cerebrum: integrates sensory information and coordinate
the creature’s response to that information.
3. Optic: receives signals from the receptors in the eye.
4. Cerebellum: controls involuntary actions and refines
muscle movement.
5. Medulla oblongata: coordinates vital functions, such as
those of the circulatory and respiratory systems, and
transports signals from the brain to the spinal cord.
All the lobes except the cerebellum
Come in pairs, each with a right and a left
lobe.
Volunteer to read page 400 (last paragraph
– 401 paragraph 1 & 2 )
Reproduction
In all vertebrates, sexes are separate.
Males have testes that produce sperm and
Females have ovaries that produce eggs.
Two types of fertilization:
1. Internal: the male places sperm inside the
female’s body, where eggs are fertilized.
(mostly in land-dwelling vertebrates)
2. External: the female lays eggs and the male
fertilizes them once they are outside of the
female’s body. (mostly in aquatic vertebrates)
Development takes place either by:
1. Oviparous : occurs in an egg that is
hatched outside the female’s body (birds);
2. Ovoviviparous: occurs in an egg that is
hatched inside the female’s body (guppies);
3. Viviparous: occurs inside the female,
allowing the offspring to gain nutrients and
vital substances from the mother through a
placenta (mammals).
The textbook discusses:
1. Sharks
2. Rays and skates
We will hopefully be dissecting them later
this year in class.
Virtual Frog Dissection
Part 1:
http://youtu.be/u-LqS5AVRio
Part 2:
http://youtu.be/bOJyhk4QZvc
Making the External Cuts
You have been given the handout for the Anatomy of the
Frog. Once the liver has been removed there are
additional organs to identify.
Experiment 13.1
Bony Fish Dissection
Object: to become more familiar with the
anatomy of a bony fish through dissection.
Dissection of the Fish
Homework
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Finish reading Module 13
Answer OYO 13.1 to 13.21
Answer Study Guide Question – All
Finish lab 13.1
Complete the virtual dissection of the Frog in
your lab book.
6. Quiz : 3 subphyla of Chordata; Frog anatomy
7. Class Challenge: 2 Truths and a lie
8.