Transcript Chapther Forty Two- Rachael Powers

Rachael Powers
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An open circulatory system includes the blood and
interstitial fluids combined flowing through the
vessels and into the sinuses. This fluid is called
hemolymph.
On the other hand, there is the closed circulatory
system, where the blood and the interstitial fluids
run separately through the body.
Humans have closed circulatory systems, called the
cardiovascular system.
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-The human heart has two
atria, which are the chambers
that pump blood that into the
heart
-The heart also has ventricles,
which are the chambers that
pump blood out of the heart.
-Arteries, veins, and capillaries
are the three main kinds of
blood vessels
-Arteries carry blood out of the
heart and throughout the body
-The arteries then give the
blood to the capillaries
Two
chambers
Three
chambers
Four
chambers
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-The two ventricles
pump in unison,
bringing blood out
while more blood is
entering the heart
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-An adult at rest has a
heart beat of about 75
beats per minute
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-Blood vessels are all made of similar tissues. The lining
of the blood vessels is an endothelium, which is a single
layer of flattened cells that provide a smooth surface so
there is minimal resistance in the blood flow.
-Blood flows through the blood vessels at different
speeds and pressures. The thinner the wall, the lower
velocity of flow, and the thicker, the higher velocity
speed of blood.
-LAW OF CONTINUITY- states that a fluid flows faster
through a narrow segment of blood vessel than it does a
thicker. The only problem with this is that capillaries are
different because the blood coming from the arteries is
slow moving and it continues to flow slowly in the
capillaries.
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Five to ten percent of the
body’s capillaries have blood
flowing through them at all
times. That seems like an
unreal number, but really,
each tissue has many
capillaries so every part of
the body has some blood
flowing through it at all
times.
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The only capillaries that are
always filled to capacity are
the heart, brain, kidney, and
liver.
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-Plasma: a liquid matrix that consists of many kinds
of cells. Blood plasma is nearly 90% water and also
contains nutrients, metabolic wastes, respiratory
gases, and hormones.
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- Red blood cells and white blood cells are some of
the kinds of cells located in blood plasma. Red
blood cells carry oxygen and white blood cells
function as a defense mechanism.
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-also known as respiration
-the three most common respiratory organs are
gills, tracheae, and lungs
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-Amphibians breathe by positive pressure breathing, which is
when the muscles lower to the floor of the oral cavity and
draw in air through their nostrils. This allows for the oral
cavity to rise and air flows down the trachea.
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-Mammals breathe by negative pressure breathing, which is
when you pull air into your lungs instead of pushing it out.
Mammals also have diaphragms which is a sheet of skeletal
muscle that forms the bottom wall of the chest cavity.
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-Birds breathe through nine air sacs that are located around
the abdomen, neck, and wings. The air sacs are not for direct
gas exchange but keeps air flowing through the lungs.
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The breathing control
center in the medulla
controls the basic rhythm
and moderates the
inhalation and exhalation
Nerves from the medulla
send impulses to the
diaphragm that stimulate
inhalation
A person at rest inhales
and exhales between 10 to
14 times a minute
The control center
controls blood levels