Transcript Respiratory System

 what respiration is
1)
2)
3)
4)
Pathway of blood
Cardiac cycle
Principles governing blood
circulation
Cardiovascular disease
1. The release of energy
2. when food substances are broken down
by
3. oxidation into simpler substances
4. such as carbon dioxide and water.
5. It is a chemical process.
Aerobic
Anaerobic
1. The release of a relatively large amount
of energy
2. by the breakdown of food substances
3. in the presence of oxygen
Aerobic Respiration occurs in the cell
in the ….
Mitochondria
 Breakdown of food substances
 Occurs in the mitochondria
 Similar to combustion of fuel
Inspiration
Air
Air breathed
breathed in
in
Occurs when air is taken into the lungs
Expiration
Air
Air breathed
breathed out
out
Occurs when air passes out of the lungs
Expired air
Mirror
Water droplets
 Can be written in a word equation:
Glucose + Oxygen
Carbon dioxide + Water +
Relatively lots of energy

Why are the amounts of oxygen, carbon
dioxide and water vapour different in
inspired and expired air?
Answer: Respiration uses oxygen and
produces carbon dioxide and water. Thus,
the expired air contains less oxygen and
more carbon dioxide and water

Are breathing and respiration the same?

Respiration is a chemical process.

In aerobic respiration, we need oxygen.

How do we get the oxygen?
By BREATHING

Inhaling (breathing in) takes in oxygen

Exhaling (breathing out) takes out carbon
dioxide and water
 Transports materials
 Nutrients from digested food
 Respiratory gases: CO2 and O2
 Waste materials: toxins and nitrogenous wastes
 Antibodies
 Hormones
 Enzymes
 Blood pH
 Heat transport
 As animals increase in size, more oxygen is required to
meet their energy needs.
 To deliver greater amounts of oxygen to cells, the
respiratory membranes of the more complex animals must
have an increased surface area.
 Some animals,
such as earthworms, use their skin as a respiratory
membrane
The skin must be kept moist at all times to allow the
proper diffusion of gases.
Fish, some salamanders, clams, starfish, and crayfish
exchange gases through
their gills.
• Gills are, essentially, extensions of the outer surface
of the body.
The extensive folding and branching of the gills provide
increased surface area for the diffusion of gases, improving the
efficiency of the respiratory organ.
Fish also use a countercurrent flow—the water moves over the
gills in one direction while the blood, contained within the
capillaries inside the gill, moves in the opposite direction.
Countercurrent flow increases the efficiency of oxygen intake
and ensures that the oxygen diffuses into the blood over the
entire length of the blood vessel inside of the gill.
Although gills are ideal for aquatic environments, they
are poorly adapted
for land.
Why?
Exposing the large surface area of the respiratory
membrane to air causes too much evaporation. If the
gills become dry, the membrane becomes
impermeable to the diffusion of gases.
The body’s energy-releasing process depends on the
digestive system and the breathing system.
glucose is the fuel
supplied
? by
the digestive system
oxygen
is supplied
?
by
the breathing system
1.What is the fuel used by the body’s cells?
2.What gas is needed to release energy from this fuel?
3.Name three organ systems involved.
In the body’s cells, the chemical energy stored in glucose
is usually released by a chemical reaction with oxygen.
This energy-releasing process is called:
respiration
glucose
oxygen
energy
Why does every living cell need a constant supply of
glucose and oxygen?
Aerobic respiration releases energy that is useful.
This process is a chemical reaction between glucose and
oxygen which also produces waste products.
glucose
oxygen
?
?
energy
Breathing in obtains the oxygen needed for aerobic
respiration.
Breathing out removes the waste products of aerobic
respiration.
What happens when you
breathe out onto a cold
pane of glass?
What happens when you
breathe out on a freezing
cold day?
water vapour
In both cases, you can see some of the air that you have
breathed out. Why?
Water vapour condenses into a liquid and becomes visible.
What does this test tell you about aerobic respiration?
Another waste product of aerobic respiration must be…
…water.
glucose
oxygen
carbon
dioxide
water
energy
glucose
oxygen
carbon
dioxide
water
energy
When does the body need to release more energy?
not very active
= low energy
requirements
very active
= high energy
requirements
During which type of activities is the rate of aerobic
respiration higher?
Do All Animals & Plants Respire?
 We can check this by seeing if they
produce carbon dioxide.
 Lime water goes cloudy & bicarbonate
indicator goes from red to yellow if
carbon dioxide is present.
Smoking: Tobacco smoke contains:
 Nicotine : addictive
 Tar : Smokers cough; cancer
 Carbon monoxide : small babies due to poor growth.
 Heart
 Atrium
 Ventricle
 Blood vessels
 Arteries
 Arterioles
 Capillaries and
capillary beds
 Venules
 Veins
 Blood
 Voice production relies on:
 Respiration
 Phonation
 Resonance
 Each of these processes is not independent, and
they may change simultaneously.
 The upper respiratory tract (respiration, eating,
articulation, resonance, and phonation)
 Nasal cavity
 Oral cavity
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 The lower respiratory tract (breathing for life and
for speech)
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Lungs (with bronchioles/alveoli)
 Positive pressure
breathing in frogs
 “Gulping in” air
 Negative pressure breathing in reptiles and
mammals
 Rib muscles and diaphragm change lung volume
and pressure
 CO2 transport
 7% in plasma
 23% bound to
hemoglobin
 70% as HCO3 buffer
1. What are the reactants in the respiration equation?
2. What are the products of respiration?
3. What is the useful product of respiration?
4. Give one reason why respiration must take place in our
bodies.
5. Where in our bodies does respiration take place?
6. What is the difference between respiration and
combustion?
 R side of heart:
 pulmonary circuit
 L side of heart:
 systemic circuit
 one way valves:
 atrioventricular
valves
 semilunar valves
1.
right atrium receives O2poor blood from superior
and inferior venae cavae
2.
from right atrium into the
right ventricle through the
tricuspid valve
3.
pumped into the
pulmonary artery through
the pulmonary semilunar
valve to lungs
4.
O2-rich blood from lungs is
returned to the left atrium
via the pulmonary veins
5.
enters the left ventricle via
the mitral or bicuspid valve
6.
exits the left ventricle into
the aorta via the aortic
semilunar valve
7.
circulated to body tissues
Open circulatory system
 Phylum Arthropoda,






Phylum Mollusca (with
one exception)
hemolymph
heart(s)  sinuses 
ostia  heart(s)
diffusion from sinuses to
organs
often serve a support
purpose
disadvantage: loss of
pressure in sinuses
insects: well-developed
respiratory systems, O2
not transported through
the blood
FISH
 Single-circulation
 Fish heart
 2-chambered
 atrium and ventricle
 African lungfish heart
 3-chambered
 2 atria
 LA: O2-rich blood
 RA: O2-poor blood
 spiral fold
 partially divided
ventricle
Amphibians
 Pulmocutaneous and
systemic circulation are
partly separated
 Amphibian heart
 1 ventricle
 2 atria:
 LA: O2-rich blood
 RA: O2-poor blood
 advantage: oxygen-rich
blood reaches the
body’s organs faster
 disadvantage: some
mixing of O2-rich and
poor blood occurs
Reptiles
 Reptilian heart
 3-chambers
(crocodilians have 4)
 2 atria
 1 ventricle (2 in
crocodiles and
alligators)
 partially divided,
decreases mixing
Birds and Mammals
 4 chambered heart:
 2 atria
 2 ventricles
 full separation of
pulmonary and systemic
circuits
 Advantages
1.
2.
3.
no mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood
gas exchange is maximized
pulmonary and systemic circuits
operate at different pressures

Importance
1.
Endothermic  high nutrient and
O2 demands in tissues
2.
Numerous vessels  great deal of
resistance, so requires high
pressure
Glucose and oxygen enter the body
in different ways.
Glucose enters by the
digestive system.
Oxygen enters by the
Breathing System.
Glucose and oxygen are
transported around the body
by the circulatory
system.
Blood flowing in blood vessels
takes these important substances
to where they are needed – the
body’s cells.