Transcript Chondrichthyse

Chondrichthyse
Alex Gosse and Zac Doucette
Phylogenetic Tree
Taxonomists:
Characteristics for Animalia
• Heterotrophs
• Multicellular
• usually eukaryotic
• motile at some point in life
• lack cell walls
• reproduce sexually
Characteristics Chordata
• skeletal rod called Notochord, lying on the
dorsal side of the body
• nerve cord that lies dorsally in the body
• Pharyngeal Gill slits
• Digestive system, circulatory system, and
nervous system are all well developed
• post-anal tail
• closed circulation
• they reproduce sexually
Characteristics for
Chondrichthyse
• poikilothermic (cold blooded)
• swim bladder and lungs are absent
• digestive systems have intestinal spiral
valves (exception of Holocephali)
• have a cloaca
• do not have bone marrow
• red blood cells are produced in the spleen
and special tissue around the gonads
• tough skin is covered with dermal teeth
(exception Holocephali, as the teeth are
lost in adults)
• water dwelling vertebrates with gills
throughout life
• limbs in the form of fins
Hammerhead Shark
Great White Shark
Sting Ray
Bonnet head Shark
Spotted Eagle Ray
Tiger Shark
Taxon
Spotted Eagle
Ray
Great White
Shark
Bonnethead
Shark
Kingdom
Anamilia
Anamillia
Anamillia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Class
Chondrichthyes
Chondrichthyes
Chondrichthyes
Order
Myliobatiformes
Lamniformes
Carcharhiniformes
Family
Myliobatidae
Lamnidae
Sphyrnidae
Genus
Aetobatus
Carcharodon
Sphyrna
Species
A. Narinari
C. Carcharias
S. Tiburo
Life Cycle of The Great White
Shark
• Delivery is in Spring or Summer.
• Reproductive cycle is ovoviviparous: eggs
are retained within the body of the female.
• Pups hatch from egg capsules inside the
mothers uterus and are born soon
afterward. (live birth)
• Litter sizes range from 2-17
• Leave mothers side as soon as born.
• The pup's jaws develop in the first month
and the stronger ones eat their weaker
unborn siblings.
• Females mature at 3.5-4.1 m in length and
9-10 years of age
• Males mature at 4-5 m in length and 14-16
years of age
• After maturity they can reproduce (little is
known about reproduction)
• Mothers give birth at same spot every year
• Life span is 30 years
Anatomical Features of Shark
• Their skin is rough and harsh like sand
paper. Their skin is made up of dermal
denticles which are minuscule placoid
scales that are similar to teeth. These
dermal denticles are even covered in
enamel called vitro dentine, also including
dentine and a pulp cavity; they are
extremely comparable to teeth.
• Skeletons are made of cartilage rather
than bone
• Types of fins: pectoral, pelvic, dorsal,
anal, caudal
• Gills to aid in respiration. Side of its head
5-7 gill slits ( in order for gas exchange to
happen correctly there must be water
running over these gills at all times)
• Shark spiracle (Slits located behind the
eye) send blood vessel immediately to the
eyes and brain of the shark.
• Sharks have a two chambered heart with
an atrium and a ventricle. The heart is an
S-shaped tube that is located in the head
of the shark. The blood is pumped by the
heart through the afferent bronchial
arteries to capillaries in the gills. The
blood goes through efferent bronchial
arteries then to the tissues of the body
and finally back to the heart in veins.
• Sharks swallow their food whole or bite it
into very large pieces. They have Ushaped stomachs with acids and enzymes
to dissolve what is eaten. The stomach
produces a mush that enters the
intestines. Only this mush can enter
because of the pyloric valve is small.
Indigestible things are vomited.
• Sharks get rid of body waste in two ways.
Some waste products, such as carbon
dioxide, are expelled through the gills.
Other body waste is excreted through the
digestive tract.
• Sharks extract oxygen from seawater as it
passes over its gills. Unlike other fish,
sharks gills lie in a row behind the head,
and are not covered. Just behind the eye
there is a modified slit called a spiracle.
This slit helps the shark with taking in
water during respiration. When the shark
is moving, water passes through the
mouth and over the gills, this process is
called ‘ram ventilation’.
• The word Chondrichthyse includes the
latin word for cartilage which is a major
feature for that taxon.
• Sharks have inner ears but no outer ears.
• Sharks have been around for over 300
million years.
Sources
• http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Tree_of_Life/PhylumChordata/ClassChondrich
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thyes.htm
http://www.the-shark-side-of-life.com/shark-anatomy.html
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Chondrichthyes/classificati
on/
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/basalfish/chondrintro.html
http://animals.about.com/od/cartilaginousfishes/p/cartilaginousfishes.htm
http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5261E/y5261e08.htm
http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=38
http://sharks101.wordpress.com/circulatory-and-respiratory-system/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2140763/