Transcript Fishes, Amphibians, Birds, Reptiles, Mammals

Vertebrates
Fishes, Amphibians, Birds, Reptiles,
Mammals
Chordate Cladogram
Section 30-1
Mammals
Birds
Amphibians
Fishes
Nonvertebrate
chordates
Invertebrate ancestor
Reptiles
Nonvertebrate Chorodate
• Choradate
– Dorsal hollow nerve cord
– Notochord
– Pharyngeal pouches
– Tail that extend beyond anus
• Nonvertebrate Chorodates
– Tunicates and Lancelets
The Generalized Structure of
a Chordate
Section 30-1
Notochord
Muscle segments
Tail
Hollow
nerve cord
Anus
Mouth
Pharyngeal pouches
b
3 Characteristics of all Vertebrates
1. Endoskeleton.
 Supports larger animal size.
 Grows with animal (No molting!)
2. Backbone and cephalization.
 Well-developed brain with sensory organs.
 Earliest vertebrates were called ostracoderms.
3. Closed circulatory system with multi-chambered heart.
 3- or 4-chambered heart allows blood to be
separated into oxygenated or deoxygenated.
 More efficient delivery of oxygen to the body.
Endotherms and Ectotherms
• Ectotherm: Temperature is regulated by
external environment.
– Fish, amphibians, reptiles
• Endotherm: Body temperature is
regulated by internal processes.
– Mammals, birds
Temperature Control in
Chordates
Body Temperature (°C)
Section 33-2
Environmental Temperature (°C)
Diversity of Chordates
Section 33-1
Characteristics of Fishes
• Agnatha (Jawless
Fish)
• Chondrichthyes
(Cartlagenous Fish)
• Endoskeleton: Cartilage
(no jaw)
• Respiratory: Multiple Gill
Openings
• Circulatory: 2 chambered
heart
• Reproduction: External
Fertilization and
development
• Examples: Lamprey,
Hagfish
• Endoskeleton: Cartilage
• Respiratory: Multiple Gill
Openings
• Circulatory: 2 chambered
heart
• Reproduction: External
Fertilization (internal for
sharks) and development
• Examples: Sharks,
Skates, Rays
Circulation in a Fish
Section 30-2
Gills
Body
muscle
circulation
Digestive
system
circulation
Heart
Oxygen-rich blood
Oxygen-poor blood
Brain and
head
circulation
Sinus Venosus
Oxygen-poor blood
from the veins collects
in the sinus
venosus.
Ventricle
The ventricle pumps
blood into the bulbus
arteriosus.
Atrium
Blood enters the
atrium and flows
to the ventricle.
Bulbus Arteriosus
The bulbus arteriosus
moves blood into the
ventral aorta and
toward the gills.
• Agnatha:
• Chondrichthyes:
Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)
• Endoskeleton: Cartilage
and Bone
• Respiratory: One Gill
Openings
• Circulatory: 2
chambered heart
• Reproduction: External
Fertilization and
development
• Examples: Trout, Cod,
Salmon
Characteristics of Amphibians
•
•
•
•
Endoskeleton: Cartilage and Bone
Respiratory: Gills, Skin, Lungs
Circulatory: 3 chambered heart
Reproduction: External Fertilization and
development
• Examples: Frogs, Salamanders
Amphibians: Energy and
Wastes
• A frog’s skin “breathes” – it must be kept
moist.
• 3-Chambered Heart, Double-looped
circulatory system. – What is that? Why is
that a good thing?
• Metamorphisis: teeth/jaws, gills turn into
lungs, circulatory system changes
• Kidneys regulate the amount of water in
the frog.
– In water excrete, on land retain.
The Life Cycle of a Frog
Section 30-3
Adult
Frog
Young
Frog
Adults are typically ready to
breed in about one to two years.
Frog eggs are laid in water and
undergo external fertilization.
Fertilized Eggs
The eggs
hatch into
tadpoles a
few days to
several
weeks later.
Tadpoles
Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and
become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.
Characteristics of Reptiles
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•
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Endoskeleton: Cartilage and Bone
Respiratory: Lungs
Circulatory: 3 chambered heart
Reproduction: Internal and External
Fertilization and development
• Examples: Snakes, Turtles
• Ectotherms.
– How does a reptile regulate its body temperature?
Rafekie
The Amniotic Egg (Figure 26.4)
•
•
•
•
•
Embryo: connected to Yolk by a stalk.
Yolk: food source.
Amnion: fluid that protects the embryo.
Chorion: regulates gas exchange.
Shell: Waterproofs, protects. The shell
is porous (gas can exchange through it).
• Allantois: stores wastes.
The Amniotic Egg
Section 31-1
Amnion
The amnion is a fluid-filled sac
that surrounds and cushions
the developing embryo. It
produces a protected, watery
environment.
Allantois
The allantois stores the
waste produced by the
embryo. It also serves
as a respiratory organ.
Embryo
Chorion
The chorion regulates
the transport of
oxygen from the
surface of the egg
to the embryo and
the transport of
carbon dioxide,
one product of
respiration, in the
opposite direction.
Yolk sac
This baglike structure
contains a yolk that
serves as a nutrient-rich
food supply for the embryo.
Shell
Characteristics of Birds (Aves)
• The one reptilian characteristic of birds
is their scale-covered legs.
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•
•
•
Endoskeleton: Cartilage and Bone
Respiratory: Lungs
Circulatory: 4 chambered heart
Reproduction: Internal Fertilization and
External development
• Examples: Birds
The Digestive System of a Pigeon
Section 31-2
Brain
Esophagus
1 When a bird eats,
food moves down
the esophagus and
is stored in the crop.
Lung
Heart
Kidney
Crop
Air sac
2 Moistened food passes to the
stomach, a two-part chamber.
The first chamber secretes acid
and enzymes. The partially
digested food moves to the
second chamber, the gizzard.
Liver
First
chamber
of stomach
Gizzard Small
intestine
3 The muscular walls
of the gizzard squeeze
the contents, while
small stones grind the
food.
Pancreas
Large intestine
Cloaca
5 Undigested food is
excreted through the
cloaca.
4 As digestion continues,
the food moves through
the intestines.
You Eat Like A Bird…
• Endotherms – requires a lot of energy to
maintain their high metabolism.
• Feathers – trap body heat.
• Unique respiratory system – air flows
one-way.
• Crop  Gizzard  Intestines.
– Figure 26.18.
Characteristics of Mammals
•
•
•
•
•
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Endoskeleton: Cartilage and Bone
Respiratory: Lungs
Circulatory: 4 chambered heart
Reproduction: Internal Fertilization and development
Examples: Humans, Whales . . .
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS:
–
–
–
Endotherms – hair.
Mammary glands – produce milk.
Large, well-developed brains.
Variety of Mammals
•
Size
– Smallest: shrew (weighs
less than a dime)
– Largest: whale (100,000
kg; 32 elephants)
•
Speed
– Slowest: Two-toed sloth
(1 meter/15 seconds)
– Fastest: Cheetah (400
meters/15 seconds)
– Humans (150 meters/15
seconds)
•
Environments
Mammals: Movement and Energy
• High-speed running: long bones and
flexible hip and shoulder joints.
• Eat a variety of foods: different teeth
structures.
• Diaphram: More gas exchange.
• Air sacs: increased surface area for gas
exchange.
The Jaws and Teeth of Mammals
Section 32-1
CARNIVORE
Canines are pointed teeth. Carnivores
use them for piercing, gripping, and tearing.
In herbivores, they are reduced or absent.
HERBIVORE
Jaw
joint
Jaw joint
Wolf
Horse
Chisel-like incisors are used for
cutting, gnawing, and grooming.
Molars crush and grind food. The ridged shape of the wolf’s molars and premolars
allows them to interlock during chewing, like the blades of scissors. The broad,
flattened molars and premolars of horses are adapted for grinding tough plants.
Mammals: Types of Life Cycles
• Monotremes: Reproduce by laying
eggs (duck-billed playtpus).• Marsupials: Give birth to small,
immature young that then further
develop inside the mother’s external
pouch (kangaroo).
• Placental mammals: Babies develop
inside the mother’s body (95% of all
mammals).
Section 39-4
The Placenta
The Success of Mammals
• Well-developed cerebrum: The largest
part of the brain; makes processing
information and learning possible.
• Care of the Young: Development
inside the mother; care of the young for
the first year(s) of their life.
The Circulatory Systems
of Vertebrates
Section 33-3
Single-Loop
Circulatory System
FISHES
Double-Loop Circulatory System
MOST REPTILES
CROCODILIANS, BIRDS,
AND MAMMALS
The Digestive Systems
of Vertebrates
Section 33-3
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Cloaca
Crop
Gizzard
Cecum
Rectum
Shark
Salamander
Lizard
Pigeon
Cow