Transcript Urinary System What is renal dialysis?

Circulatory,Respiratory,
Digestive, and Urinary Systems
Test Review
Cardiovascular system
State the function of the following
parts of the circulatory system:
•
•
•
•
Heart-circulates blood throughout the body
Arteries-carry blood away from the heart
Veins-carry blood back to the heart
Coronary Arteries-the blood vessel that
supplies the heart cells with blood
• Capillaries-the thin blood vessels that allow
for the exchange of gasses and nutrients
with the other cells of the body
Cont.
• Aorta-the main artery leading from the heart to the
rest of the body
• Pulmonary Arteries-the blood vessels that carry
O2 poor blood from the heart to the lungs
• Pulmonary Veins-the blood vessels that carry O2
rich blood from the lungs to the heart
• Right Atrium-upper chamber of the heart that
receives O2 poor blood from the rest of the body
via the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
cont
• Left Atrium-upper chamber of the heart that
receives O2 rich blood from the lungs
• Right Ventricle-lower chamber of the heart that
exports O2 poor blood to the lungs
• Left Ventricle-lower chamber of the heart that
exports O2 to the rest of the body
• Superior and Inferior Vena Cava-blood vessels
that receive O2 poor blood from the rest of the
body
Draw a simple heart and label the four
chambers and all five blood vessels.
Describe what happens to the
coronary arteries and the heart
muscle during a heart attack.
In a heart attack, the coronary arteries
get clogged, blocking off the O2 supply for
the heart’s cells, which causes them to die
off, causing potentially fatal damage to the
heart.
List the pathway of blood as it goes
through the heart and body.
• Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary
artery, lung, pulmonary vein, left atrium,
left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arterioles,
capillaries, venules, veins, superior vena
cava and inferior vena cava
Explain why heart bypass operations
are needed and describe the
procedure
• Blockage of a coronary artery in the heart
by the buildup of fatty deposits which
narrows the artery.
• Vein from the leg is moved and graphed
around the block artery to restore blood
flow the heart muscle.
What is a pacemaker?
• An implanted device which maintains a
correct heart beat in an individual.
Describe what is transferred from blood
cells in the capillaries to surrounding
cells and from cells back to the blood
cells in the capillaries
• Oxygen, nutrients and water dropped off.
• Cellular waste and carbon dioxide is picked
up.
(P.E.)Briefly state the functions of blood
• Medium by which the nutrient molecules
processed by digestion and the oxygen molecules
taken in by way of the lungs are delivered to the
individual cells.
• Blood carries a number of other important
substances, such as hormones, enzymes,
antibodies and waste materials.
• Regulates body temperature
• Regulates pH
• Fluid levels
• Destroys micro-organisms
(P.E.) Briefly describe the four
components of blood
•
•
•
•
Blood plasma which is 90% water
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Briefly describe the two principal
circuits of the cardiovascular system
• Pulmonary circuit or loop deoxygenated
blood from the heart to lungs.
• Systemic circuit or loop brings oxygenated
blood from heart to the entire body.
Describe what happens during a stroke.
Blood flow in an artery in the brain is blocked or
partially blocked, resulting in brain damage.
Respiratory System
What are the two processes of respiration?
Cellular respiration and
External respiration (breathing)
List the seven parts of the respiratory tract.
Nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Respiratory System
What three things must occur for a gas exchange to
be sufficient?
•Large surface area for gaseous exchange
•A very short distance between the air and the blood
•Concentration difference for oxygen and carbon
dioxide between air and blood.
How do mucus and cilia protect the
respiratory tract?
They trap and dispose of dust particles to keep them
from getting into the lungs and moisten/warms the air
Lung Diseases
Disease
Cause
Effect
Emphysema Cigarette smoking,
Breathlessness,
environmental pollution cough, barrel chest
Asthma
Lung
Cancer
Chronic airway
inflammation, some
people have a
predisposition
Smoking, asbestos
Wheezing,
breathlessness,
coughing,
difficulty
Shortness of
breath, coughing,
pain, in some
cases-death
Lung Diseases continued…
Disease
Cause
Viruses, bacteria,
smoking, some
chemicals
Tuberculosis The bacteria
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Pneumonia Bacterial pneumonia
or viral pneumonia
gets into the lungs
and starts to
reproduce
Bronchitis
Effect
the larynx, trachea
and bronchial tubes
are acutely inflamed
Coughing, sputum
with blood, appetite
loss, fatigue
Unexpected
headaches, muscle
pain, and cough that
never seems to go
away
Respiratory System
What is the function of the diaphragm?
Dome shape muscle at the bottom of the ribcage that
moves up and down to inflate the lungs
How does it cause the lungs to inflate and
deflate?
Inflates (inhale) by contracting and moving down to
increase chest volume
Deflates (exhale) by relaxing and moving up to
decrease chest volume
Respiratory System
What factors affect the volume of air an individual
can inhale?
•Chest size
•Genetics
•Exercise
What effect does smoking have on lung tissue
and the whole lung?
It kills lung tissue, coats tissue with tar and reduces
flexible of lungs thus diminishing the amount the
individual can inhale
Digestive System
What is the order of the organs in the digestive system?
•Mouth/saliva gland/teeth
•Esophagus
Other Organs?
•Epiglottis
•Stomach
•Liver
•Small Intestine
•Gall Bladder
•Large Intestine
•Pancreas
•Appendix
•Mesentery
•Rectum
•Anus
Digestive System
What do the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas do?
•Liver: The first place the nutrient from the food go; filters
out harmful substances, produces bile to help with digestion
•Gall Bladder: Stores excess bile
•Pancreas: Makes enzymes to help the body digest
carbohydrates and proteins
List the differences between the frog digestive
system and the human digestive system.
• FOR FROG: Solid wastes from the large
intestine pass into the cloaca. Both liquid
and solid waste material leave the body by
way of the cloaca and the cloacal vent. Plus
egg and sperm also exit thru the cloacal
vent.
Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Liver
Gallbladder
Large Intestine
Appendix
Anus
Stomach
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Rectum
Digestive System
What are the seven nutrients humans get from their
diet and where are along the digestive system are
these nutrients absorbed?
7 nutrients- protein, carbohydrates (sugars), fats,
minerals, salts, vitamins, plus water
enzymes:
Pepsin (stomach)- (w/ HCl)breaks down proteins into
amino acid building blocks in the stomach
Amylase (pancreas)- breaks down carbohydrates
lipase (pancreas)- breaks down fats
trypsin (pancreas)- breaks down proteins
Bile (liver)- helps bloodstream absorb fats
Digestive System
How do you determine the caloric value of food?
•Burn the food below water
•Record the temperature of the water before and after the burning
•Put the temperature difference (in ºC) over the weight of the food
burned
How do potential and kinetic energy apply to this?
•Potential energy: When the food has yet to be eaten (un-burned)
•Kinetic energy: As the cells are converting the food to something
useable (as the food is being burned)
(P.E.) Describe the function of the human excretory/urinary system.
Be sure to include the different molecules of waste and the final
product excreted from the body.
• As animals perform various cellular metabolic
processes, proteins and nucleic acids, both of
which contain nitrogen, are broken down. While
some of the nitrogen that is released is used to
manufacture new nitrogen-containing molecules,
much of it cannot be used and must be disposed of
as cellular waste. Typically ammonia (NH3) forms
and ammonia hydroxide (NH4OH), a strong base,
form. The ammonia needs to be gotten rid of
before it raises the pH of the body.
Cont..
• Ammonia does not readily go from our
body to the air, so we get rid of nitrogenous
wastes through urea and uric acid. Animals
that are not concerned with water loss like
humans convert ammonia to urine. Others
concerned with water loss convert it to uric
acid (birds, insects, lizards).
Urinary System
What are the organs in the urinary system, and what
are their functions?
•Kidneys: Filter the waste out of blood
•Cortex: outer part of kidney
•Medulla: site of filtration
•Renal Pelvis: Where urine in the kidney collects
•Ureters: Carries waste from kidneys to bladder
•Bladder: Stores waste
•Urethra: Disposes of urine outside of body
•Prostate gland: controls urine release in males
Urinary System
What is renal dialysis?
A back-up system for your kidneys that will filter waste
from blood temporarily
What are urinary tract infections?
When bacteria or yeast, usually from the anus, gets into the
urethra
and causes an infection in the urinary tract
What are kidney stones?
Solid masses stuck in the urinary system, usually
develops in the renal pelvis
Urinary System
Kidney
Cortex
Medulla
Renal Artery
Renal Vein
Ureter