Transcript Human Body Systems - local.brookings.k12.sd.us

Human Body Systems
By Nick Nagy
Digestive System
Digestive System Functions
(food passes through)
Mouth: Beginning of digestion where food is chewed and where saliva is
secreted and mixed in with food to begin to break it down.
Pharynx: Tube where food and air pass. Small flap called epiglottis closes off
and separates food from air to prevent choking.
Esophagus: Tube which is lined with muscles that contract, which pushes down
food into stomach.
Stomach: Where food is broken down by enzymes.
Small Intestines: Made up of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The food is
mixed with different liquids such as bile, chyme, and pancreatic juices. These all
break down the food even further.
Large Intestines: It is made up of the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon,
descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The basic function is to absorb water from
the food and store it as feces unit it can be excreted.
Rectum: Pushes feces through anus.
Anus: Opening for feces to exit the body
Digestive System
(accessory organs)
Salivary Glands: Excrete saliva to mix with food to
begin digestion process.
Liver: Produces bile to be mixed with food to break it
down.
Pancreas: Secretes pancreatic juices which help with
the absorption of nutrients.
Sphincters: Constricts openings and allows food into
next segment when needed.
Digestive System
Digestion of large food molecules are essential because most of the
food we eat is made up of many different compounds from other
organisms that won’t benefit us. They have to be broken down and
reassembled so we can benefit from them.
We need enzymes in digestion because they break down the food
for us to absorb the nutrients.
Physical digestion is when the food actually passes through all the
different segments of the digestive system. Chemical digestion is
when our bodies digests the nutrients of the food.
Carbohydrate digestion occurs in the mouth with salivary glands
with amylase as the enzyme. Protein digestion takes place in the
stomach with pepsinogen as the enzyme. Lipid digestion takes
place in the small intestine with lipase as the enzyme.
Digestive System
Disorders
Yellow Fever: Acute viral hemorrhagic disease. Transmitted by
the mosquito.
Symptoms: mild infection with fever, headache, chills, back
pain, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting
Effects around 200,000 people a year. 90% of cases occur in
Africa
None
Cholera: Small intestine infection caused by Vibrio cholerae
Symptoms: diahrrea and vomitting
Effects around 3-5 million people a year
Treatment: Stay hydrated and ingest plenty of
electrolytes. There are anitbiotics too.
Circulatory System
Circulatory System:
Blood Vessels
Main function is to circulate blood and other nutrients
throughout the body
Arteries carry blood away from the heart to body parts.
They normally have oxygenated blood in them
Veins take the deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
They have smooth muscles in them to pump the blood
back to the heart.
Capillaries are the smallest of blood vessels. Their function
is to enable exchange of water, carbon dioxide, and
oxygen between blood cells and other cells.
Circulatory System: Blood
Flow Through Heart
Starts off by entering right atrium through superior and inferior
vena cava
Flows through tricuspid valve to right ventricle
Goes through pulmonary valve to pulmonary artery
From pulmonary artery it goes to lungs so it can be oxygenated
Returns to the heart through pulmonary veins
Enters left atrium
Goes through mitral valve to the left ventricle
Flows to aorta via aortic valve
Goes to all parts of body from the aorta
Circulatory System: The
Blood
Plasma is the liquid of the blood that holds all the cells and
components in it. It is mostly all water.
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) carry oxygen to all of the
body’s tissues. They have a crescent shape because they
do not have a nucleus which allows to carry more oxygen.
Leukocytes (white blood cells) are the body’s defense
mechanism against infections. They are responsible for
killing off bacteria and viruses.
Platelets are cell fragments that are responsible for
clotting the blood when blood vessels are broken.
Circulatory System
Open
Closed
Open circulatory system is
common to molluscs and
arthropods.
Vertebrates, and a few
invertebrates, have a closed
circulatory system.
Open circulatory systems
pump blood into a hemocoel
with the blood diffusing back
to the circulatory system
between cells.
Closed circulatory systems
have the blood closed at all
times within vessels of
different size and wall
thickness.
Blood is pumped by a heart
into the body cavities, where
tissues are surrounded by the
blood.
Blood is pumped by a heart
through vessels, and does
not normally fill body
cavities.
Circulatory Systems:
Different Types
Circulatory System:
Disorders
Atherosclerosis
Accumulation of cholesterol in the walls of an artery causes
the walls to harden.
Asymptomatic
Around 4.6 million people die a year in America
Many treatments such as bypass surgery, or just having a
healthy diet.
Coronary Heart Disease
Failure of coronary circulation to supply blood to cardiac
muscles
Chest pains are a sign of it
Almost half a million people die of it in America each year
Regular exercise and a healthy diet are ways to prevent
Respiratory System
Respiratory System:
Alveoli
Contain some collagen and elastic fibers
Elastic fibers allow the alveoli to stretch as they are
filled with air when breathing in, then spring back
during breathing out in order to get rid of the carbon
dioxide-rich air
A pair of human lungs contain about 700 million
alveoli, which adds up to about 70m² of surface area
Respiratory System:
Path of Oxygen
Oxygen begins being inhaled from the air into the body
Follows path of respiratory system going from mouth to
trachea
From trachea, goes through either bronchi into lungs
Once in lungs, goes into small sacs, alveoli
Alveoli are lined with capillaries which exchange deoxygenated
blood with oxygen to make oxygenated blood
Oxygen diffuses past alveoli membrane into blood which is
picked up by hemoglobin in blood cells
Respiratory System:
Disorders
Bronchitis
Mucous membranes in the bronchi become inflamed
Coughing uncontrollably, coughing up mucous
About 10 million people a year get bronchitis
Treated with different types of medicines
Emphysema
Causes shortness of breath because tissue that is supposed to
support lung’s shape is destroyed (usually caused by smoking)
Shortness of breath
About 20 million Americans are diagnosed each year
Irreversible condition, but stop smoking, inhalers, and good
body position all help
Excretory System
Excretory System: Types of
Nitrogenous Waste
Urea
Excreted by mammals
Slightly toxic
Uses little amount of water to excrete
Uric Acid
Usually excreted by reptiles and birds
Non-toxic
Uses very little water to excrete, birds and reptiles usually need to
conserve as much water as possible
Ammonia
Usually excreted by fish
Highly Toxic
Needs a large quantity of water to excrete, hence why fish excrete it
Excretory System:
Nephron Process
Waste travels through a filtration complex first
Reabsorption occurs with help of diffusion and active
transportation through renal tubule
Secretion occurs by the process of active transport
within the renal tubule
All waste is then excreted
Excretory System:
Disorders
Urolithiasis (kidney stone)
Very high level of calcium concentration causes it to
crystallize to make calcium oxalate
Intense pain in the kidney area is a symptom
About 3 million a year get them
Drink plenty of water and fluids to pass the stone
Nephritis
Inflammation of the nephrons
Presence of albumen in urine, suppression of urine, are
signs
About 40,000 people die a year in America from it
Steroids and antibiotics are used to treat it
Muscular System
Muscular System
Makes the body move, circulates blood, and helps with posture
Muscle Contraction:
Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum which
bonds to troponin
Myosin heads bind to the passive actin filaments at the myosin
binding sites.
Once a strong binding happens, myosin rotates at the myosinactin interface , extending the myosin.
Shortening occurs when the extensible region pulls the
filaments across each other. Myosin remains attached to the
actin.
The binding of ATP allows myosin to release from the actin.
ATP hydrolysis occurs.
Muscular System:
Disorders
Rhabdomyolysis
Condition in which damaged skeletal muscle is destroyed
rapidly
Tenderness and swelling of affected muscles
About 26,000 Americans develop it each year
Treat shock and maintain kidney funtcion
Muscular Dystrophy
Weakens muscular system and decreases locomotion
Poor balance, droopy eye lids, inability to walk, muscle spasms
are a few of the signs
1 in about 3500 boys are born with it
No known cures, physical therapy helps slow down symptoms
Immune System
Protects organism from diseases
Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, heart, and bones all
play a part in the immune system
When pathogens enter the body, the the white blood
cells first decides if the pathogen is part of the body
or not. To recognize it, the white blood cells see if the
pathogen’s antigens match up with the body’s
antigens. If not, then it is labeled as non self and is
attached to antibodies to be destroyed.
Innate immunity
Dominant system of host defense
Does not help with long lasting immunity against pathogens
Immediate response to pathogens and damaged cells
Non-specific
Inflammation is part of this
Acquired Immunity
Remembers pathogens by their antigen
Antigen specific and requires non-self identification
Maintained by memory cells
Lymphocytes are part of this
Immune System
Active Immunity
Occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen
Can occur through a vaccine, then the body produces
the cells necessary to destroy pathogen
Passive Immunity
Short term immunity to pathogens by injection of
antibodies
Antibodies from the maternal can be passed into the
bloodstream creating passive immunity as well
Immune System
Humoral Immunity
Regulated by B lymphocytes
Cell-mediated Immunity
Regulated by T lymphocytes
Immune System
B Lymphocyte
Binds to site specific to pathogen
Memory Cells
Help with acquired immunity
Effective against bacteria
T Lymphocytes
Effective against viruses
Need other cells to identify as non-self
Immune System
Antibiotics are effective against bacteria because
they interfere with the metabolic processes such as
formation of a cell wall or protein synthesis
Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses because
viruses do not have metabolic processes because
they are not living so antibiotics have no effect
Immune System
HIV/AIDS
Autoimmune disease which attacks T lymphocytes causing
immune system to be ineffective
Fevers, sweating, weight loss, chills, weakness
33.4 million people world wide have are HIV positive
Antiviral therapy is a treatment option as it’s not curable
Vitiligo
Depigmentation of skin when melanocytes are killed
Depigment of skin on the extremities, skin lesions
Less than 1% worldwide have Vitiligo
UVB Phototherapy is a treatment option
Skeletal System
Provides structure for the human body
Bones are connected by ligaments, and tendons connect muscles to
bones which all assist in movement of the body
A hydrostatic skeleton is mainly seen in invertebrates such as
earthworms, in which the body cavity is filled with fluid which
supports body organs
An exoskeleton is mainly seen in invertebrates such as a crab or
insect, where a hard substance like chitin is found on the outside of
the body in place of skin, which protects the body’s organs.
An endoskeleton is what is found in vertebrates such as humans, in
which the system is found on the inside of the body, which provides
structure and support to the body.
Skeletal System
Skeletal Systems:
Disorders
Fibrous Dysplasia
Bone thinning disease
Swelling of affected bone
9,000 – 18,000 people will get it sometime in their lifetime
Chemotherapy
Osteoporosis
Bones become porous resulting in easier fractures
Bones fracture easily and stooped back are symptoms
About 1.5 million Americans are diagnosed each year
Calcium and Vitamin D supplements are helpful
Sensory System
Mechanoreceptor – respond to pressure or distortion. Located
usually in skin cells
Thermoreceptors – respond to changes in temperature. Found
in skin, urinary bladder, and cornea.
Chemoreceptors – responds to contact with certain chemicals.
Can be found in the nose, heart, and tongue.
Photoreceptors – absorbs photons and converts them into
signals that stimulate biological processes. Found in the eye’s
retina.
Pain receptors – sends signals to brain when potentially harmful
stimuli occur
Sensory System
Sensory System
Rhodopsin – biological pigment that is responsible
for the formation of photoreceptors
Reproductive System
System of organs, chemicals, and hormones that aid
in reproduction
Sexual reproduction is when a male and a female of a
species perform sexual intercourse to reproduce
Asexual reproduction is when an organism has both
male and female parts that interact with each other
to make an organism.
Examples of asexual reproducing organisms: hydras,
sponges, starfish
Reproductive System
Spermatogenesis: The process when sperm cells
divide by meiosis in a male
Reproductive System
Oogenesis: creation of an egg cell in a female
The cell divides unevenly into a large cell and three
smaller polar bodies because the large cell needs as
much nutrients as possible to survive which the polar
bodies provide
Reproductive System
Estrous Cycle
Occurs in most female placental mammals
If no fertilization occurs, endometrium is reabsorbed
Sexually active during ovulation
Menstrual cycle
Occurs in apes and humans
Divided into 3 phases: follicular, ovulation, and luteal
phases
If no fertilization occurs, endometrium is shed
Can be sexually active anytime
Reproductive System
Cleavage – division of cells in embryonic
development
Gastrulation – phase in embryonic development that
in which the blastula transforms into a gastrula
Organogenesis – three layers (ectoderm, mesoderm,
and endoderm) of the organism in development
begin to develop internal organs
Reproductive System
Morula – first stage of embryonic development.
Structure begins to hollow out
Blastula – hole in middle becomes bigger and walls
become thinner
Gastrula – a single layered blastula forms a three
layered structure
Reproductive System
Ectoderm
Outer most layer of gastrula
Forms nervous system and all external features such as
epidermis, mouth, anus, nostrils and others
Mesoderm
Middle layer of gastrula
Forms muscular system and gonads
Endoderm
Inner most layer of gastrula
Forms gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, endocrine
system, auditory and urinary systems
Reproductive System
Gonorrhea
Caused by bacteria that grow easily in warm, moist areas
Burning when urinating, discharges from genitalia are
symptoms
700,000 cases in U.S.
Antibiotics can successfully cure gonorrhea
Syphilis
Sexually transmitted disease that is caused by infectious
bacteria
Symptoms include sores on infected area, lesions, rashes
36,000 cases a year
Treatment can include shots of penicillin or antibiotics
Endocrine System
System of glands and organs that secretes hormones into
blood to help body function
Homeostasis – condition in which a system keeps a stable
environment
The many hormones that the endocrine system secretes
help the body maintain homeostasis
Negative Feedback – reduce the output of a hormone back
to normal levels
Blood Pressure – as the blood pressure increases the brain
would send messages to the heart to slow down and the
blood vessels to increase in size lowering the blood pressure
back to normal
Endocrine System
Endocrine System
Adrenal Gland – secretes epinephrine which
increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, and
dilates air passages in response to fight or flight
Endocrine System
Type I Diabetes
Autoimmune disease in which white blood cells destroy insulin
producing cells in pancreas
Frequent urination, weight loss, hunger, thirst are all symptoms
About 50,000 cases in America
Insulin therapy and pancreas transplant are treatment options
Type II Diabetes
Caused by high blood glucose levels and insulin isn’t as effective of
removing glucose from blood. Can be caused by obesity
Frequent urination, thirst, and hunger are signs
285 million cases
No hope for cure but can manage it by increases exercise and healthy
diet
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