Transcript Human Body Systems PPT

• Biochemical
• Cells
• Tissues
• Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
• Organs
• Examples include stomach, liver, heart
• Organ Systems
• Their purpose is to maintain homeostasis
• Epithelial
• Covering or lining
• Connective
Blood
• Joins, stores and supports
• Muscle
• Internal and external movement
• Nerve
Muscle
• Conducts electrical signals
Nerve
Skeletal
Circulatory
Respiratory
Excretory
Nervous
Integumentary
Muscular
Immune (Lymphatic)
Digestive
Reproductive
Endocrine
• Functions:
• Framework and support
• Protection
• Storage
Skull
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Clavicle
Sternum
Ribs
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Tibia
• Functions
• Movement
• Warmth
• Posture
• Muscle Properties
• Ability to contract
• Ability to be stretched
• Ability to respond to a stimulus
• Muscle Types
• Skeletal
• Smooth
• Cardiac
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Biceps brachi
Gluteus maximus
Rectus femoris
Gastrocnemius
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Myosin
Actin
Sarcomere
• Transports nutrients, gases, wastes, water, and hormones and
also distributes heat
• Structures of circulatory system
• Heart
• Vessels
• Blood
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Right atrium
Mitral Valve
Tricuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Anterior
view
Lymphatic system purpose:
• Collects loose blood and returns it
to circulatory system
• Filters out pathogens from blood
• Nonspecific defense responses
• Skin and mucous membranes
• Inflammatory response
• Temperature
• White blood cells
• Specific immune responses
• To bacteria and viruses
Lymphatic system parts:
• Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen
• Respiration is gas exchange between an organism and the
environment
• Respiratory structures include: the nose, pharynx, larynx,
lungs (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli)
• Mechanics of Breathing
• Negative pressure
Exhalation
• Respiratory Diseases
Inhalation
Nasal Passage
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Bronchus
• Purpose: breakdown of nutrients to a level that can be
absorbed and used by cells of the body.
• Structures
• gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine)
• Accessory (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas)
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Large Intestine
Small Intestine
Villi
• Excretion is the removal of metabolic wastes from the body,
including toxic chemicals, excess water, and salts.
• Excretory Organs
• Skin
• Kidneys
Nephron
Kidney
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
Bladder
Urethra
• Purpose: produce and carry offspring
• Produces gametes (eggs and sperm)
• Fertilization – produce zygote
• Male Reproductive System
• Testes
• Epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, seminal vesicle, prostate
gland, Cowper’s gland
• Female Reproductive System
• Ovary
• Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
Urinary bladder
Vas deferens
Prostate gland
Urethra
Seminal vesicle
Epididymus
Penis
Testis
Fallopian tube
Uterus
Urinary bladder
Vagina
Anterior View
Sagittal
View
Fallopian tube
Uterus
Ovary
Vagina
• Purpose: produce hormones, which are chemical messengers of
the body that travel in the blood steram
• Parts:
• Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal,
pancreas, ovary, testes
Hypothalamus and
Pituitary gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Thyroid and
Parathyroid glands
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
• Purpose: Communicates specifically between two parts of the body
• Does so by transmitting electrical signals via neurons
• Nervous System is in two parts
• Central Nervous System (brain, spinal cord)
• Peripheral Nervous System (nerves)
• Somatic nervous functions require thought or reflexes
• Autonomic nervous functions are involuntary/automatic
Dendrite
Cell body
Myelin sheath
Axon
Node of Ranvier
Axon
terminals
Cerebrum
Corpus
callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Spinal cord
Cerebellum
• Purpose: excretion, temperature control, general defense,
sensing
• Consists of the skin, hair, and nails
• Skin
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Subcutaneous tissue
• Hair and nails
• Homeostasis is the process where the body keeps internal
conditions relatively constant despite changes in external
conditions
• A controlled, stable internal environment
• Gains and losses must balance
• Control systems
• Receptor, control center, effector
• Feedback loops
• Negative feedback (a.k.a. feedback inhibition)
• Positive feedback
• Feedback inhibition (negative feedback) – a process in which
a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original
stimulus.
• The cellular environment responds to
feedback from its own activities by
switching on and off as needed.
• The part of the brain that works like a
thermostat to regulate and maintain
many functions of homeostasis is the
hypothalamus .
• The hypothalamus does this by sending chemical messages that
either speed up or slow down cellular activity.
Example of positive feedback is lactation.
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Blood sugar
Calcium
Temperature
Blood pressure
Oxygen
Water balance
• Create a visual product explaining the process of stimulus and
response
• Focus on homeostasis and feedback inhibition and positive feedback
• Also, design an experiment that examines if feedback mechanisms
maintain homeostasis
• Purpose: to determine if a stimulus increase adrenaline in
the blood
• Independent variable: pre-rated scary scenes
• Dependent variable: adrenaline levels in the blood
• Study group: 100 x 16 year-olds (50 male, 50 female)
• Hypothesis: