Transcript Chapter 11 A & P of the Human Body

CHAPTER
11
Anatomy and
Physiology of the
Human Body
UNIT
7
The Respiratory
System
11 - 2
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The Source and the
Importance of Oxygen

Sources of oxygen
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Plants use sun, water, and carbon dioxide to
make oxygen.
Air: Adults carry 2 quarts of O2 in their blood,
lungs, and tissue.
Importance

The respiratory system takes in air, removes
the oxygen, and sends it through the blood
while removing carbon dioxide.
11 - 3
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The Pathway of Oxygen
to the Internal Cell
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Mouth and nose
Pharynx (throat)
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli (air sacs)
11 - 4
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The Respiratory System
11 - 5
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The Structure and Function
of the Nose
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
The nose is a cavity that is divided by a
wall of cartilage called the septum.
The structures inside the nose warm and
filter the air.
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Cilia (hairs that warm the air)
Conchae (3 bones that add moisture)
Mucous membranes (trap dust and bacteria)
11 - 6
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The Structure and Function
of the Pharynx

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Also called the throat
Passageway for food and air
Connects the mouth to the larynx
11 - 7
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The Structure and Function
of the Epiglottis
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Lid on the top of the larynx
When food is swallowed, the lid closes
so that food is directed down the
esophagus and not into the lungs.
Air passes over the open epiglottis and
enters the larynx.
11 - 8
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Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles
11 - 9
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The Structure and Function
of the Larynx



Also called the voice box
A tube made up of nine separate
cartilages to maintain openness
Lined with mucous membranes that form
two folds called the vocal cords
11 - 10
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The Structure and Function
of the Trachea
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Also called the windpipe
Held open by C-shaped rings of cartilage
The wall between the rings is elastic to
adjust for body positions.
Above the middle of the sternum, the
trachea divides into two sections called
bronchi.
11 - 11
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The Structure and Function of the
Bronchus and Bronchiole
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
The bronchus connects the trachea to
the lungs.
Once inside the lungs, the bronchus
divides and divides again to become
microscopic bronchioles that act as tiny
air passageways.
11 - 12
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The Structure and Function
of the Alveolus
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Also called the air sacs
Clusters of capillaries located at the ends
of each bronchiole
The body contains approximately 500
million alveoli.
11 - 13
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How Voice Sounds Are Produced
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The vocal cords move across the larynx
when struck by air.
The vocal cords are held tense by
contracting muscles.
The degree of tension and length of the
vocal cords determine the pitch of the
voice.
The tighter and longer the cords, the
higher the pitch.
11 - 14
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External and Internal Respiration

External


The process of getting
oxygen from the nose to
the alveolus and into
capillaries and the return
of carbon dioxide to the
nose
Internal

The exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide at the
cellular level
11 - 15
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The Pleural Covering
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Each lung, with its blood vessels and
nerves, is enclosed in a membrane
called the visceral pleura.
A membrane called the parietal pleura
lines the chest cavity.
The space between the pleura contains
fluid to prevent friction during respiration.
11 - 16
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The Diaphragm and the Brain and How
They Relate to Breathing
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11 - 17
The main muscle of respiration is called
the diaphragm.
When the diaphragm contracts, it
produces a vacuum that causes air to be
drawn in.
When the diaphragm relaxes, air is
forced out of the lungs.
(continued)
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The Diaphragm and the Brain and How
They Relate to Breathing
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Breathing is controlled by the respiratory
center in the brain.
An increase in carbon dioxide or a drop
in oxygen triggers the respiratory center
to force respirations.
11 - 18
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Occurrences That Alter Breathing

Coughing
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Hiccoughs
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11 - 19
Deep breaths followed by forceful exhalation
that can clear mucus from the lower
respiratory tract
Caused by spasm of the diaphragm,
possibly the result of an irritation to the
diaphragm
(continued)
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Occurrences That Alter Breathing

Sneezing
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Yawning
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Air is forced through the nose to clear the
upper respiratory structures
Deep, prolonged breath that can be caused
by a drop in oxygen levels
Crying

A change in the breathing pattern that is in
response to emotions
11 - 20
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Surfactant

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A fatty molecule located on the
respiratory membrane
Maintains the inflated alveolus so that it
does not collapse between respirations
11 - 21
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Diagnostic Exams
11 - 22
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Perfusion Scans
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Examination of the lungs after
intravenous administration of a
radioactive dye to provide an image of
pulmonary blood flow
Can be used to diagnose blood vessel
obstruction
11 - 23
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Ventilation Scans

Examination of the lungs following the
inhalation of a mixture of air and gases
from a mask or bag that shows what
areas of the lungs are ventilated during
respiration
11 - 24
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Arterial Blood Gas Studies

Measures the partial pressures of both
oxygen and carbon dioxide and
determines the pH
11 - 25
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Bronchoscopy and Chest X-Ray
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Bronchoscopy
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A tube is inserted into the trachea to view
the airways or to remove a foreign body
Chest x-rays

Studies that tell the general health of the
lungs and surrounding tissue
11 - 26
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Diseases and Disorders
11 - 27
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Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma

Allergic rhinitis
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A reaction of the eyes, nose, and sinuses to
airborne allergens
Asthma
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A chronic disorder that causes swelling,
inflammation, and constriction of the bronchi
and bronchioles
Can be caused by exposure to allergens
11 - 28
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Atelectasis and Bronchitis

Atelectasis
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Lack of air in the lungs resulting from
collapse of the alveolus
Bronchitis

Acute or chronic disease that results in
inflammation of the bronchial walls and
narrowing of the airways
11 - 29
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
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A chronic condition that is usually the
result of a combination of respiratory
disorders
A progressive disease that causes
dyspnea, respiratory failure, and death
11 - 30
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Emphysema and Epistaxis

Emphysema
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Irreversible enlargement of the air spaces in
the lungs caused by destruction of the
alveolar walls
Results in the inability to exchange oxygen
and carbon dioxide
Epistaxis

Nosebleeds
11 - 31
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Laryngitis and Pleurisy

Laryngitis


Acute or chronic inflammation of the vocal
cords
Pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleura that results as a
complication of infections, pneumonia,
tuberculosis, or injury
11 - 32
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Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
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Associated with chronic lung disease or
left ventricular heart failure
Individuals awaken at night with a
sensation of suffocation that is probably
caused by an accumulation of fluid in the
lungs
11 - 33
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Pneumonia and Pneumothorax

Pneumonia

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Acute infection of the lung tissues
The leading cause of death among patients
already in a weakened state
Pneumothorax

Air or gas that has accumulated between the
two pleural layers, causing collapse of the
lung tissue
11 - 34
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome

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Can kill infants between the ages of birth
and 8 months of age
Normal breathing becomes rapid and
shallow.
The nostrils flare and the sternum
retracts.
The infant “grunts.”
11 - 35
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Tuberculosis

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Acute or chronic bacterial lung infection
that is highly contagious
The body reacts to the bacteria by
converting destroyed tissue into a
cheeselike material that can develop into
fiber optic obstruction of the lung
cavities.
11 - 36
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Unit Summary


Name the functions of the following
structures of the respiratory system:
nose, trachea, and bronchi.
What is a pneumothorax?
11 - 37
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