Transcript Respiratory_Anatomy

The Respiratory System
Dr.Khaled Helmy
Organs of the Respiratory system
 Nose
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Lungs alveoli
Function of the Respiratory System
 Gas Exchange.
 Regulation of PH.
 Voice production.
 Olfaction.
 Immunity.
Slide 13.4a
The Nose
"The nose is the gatekeeper of the lung.“
 The nose consists of Nose &
nasal cavity
 The only externally visible part of
the respiratory system
 Air enters the nose through the
nostrils.
 The interior of the nose consists
of a nasal cavity divided midline
by a nasal septum
Slide 13.3a
Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
 Olfactory receptors are located in the
mucosa on the superior surface
 The rest of the cavity is lined with
respiratory mucosa
 Warms air (BVs)
 Moistens air
 Traps incoming foreign particle
Slide 13.4a
Paranasal Sinuses
 Cavities within bones surrounding the
nasal cavity
 Frontal bone
 Sphenoid bone
 Ethmoid bone
 Maxillary bone
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Slide 13.5a
Paranasal Sinuses
 Function of the sinuses
 Air conditioning.
Reduction of skull weight.
 Heat insulation .
Flotation of skull in water.
Increasing the olfactory area.
Vocal resonance and diminution
of auditory feedback.
Pharynx (Throat)
 Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
 Entrance from nasal cavity to pharynx is at
the internal nares
 Three regions of the pharynx
 superior region behind nasal cavity
 middle region behind mouth
 inferior region attached to larynx
 The Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx are
common passageways for air and food
Slide 13.6
Structures of the Pharynx
Larynx (Voice Box)
 Located in the anterior throat
 The larynx surrounds and protects
the glottis.
 Inspired air passes through the
glottis en route to the lungs.
 The larynx is made of cartilages
 The int.laryngeal muscles regulate
tension in the vocal folds and open
and close the glottis.
Trachea
Trachea
 Connects larynx with bronchi
 Lined with
 Beat continuously in the opposite direction of
incoming air
 Expel mucus loaded with dust and other
debris away from lungs
 Walls are reinforced with C-shaped
hyaline cartilage
Respiratory Tree Divisions
 Primary bronchi
 Secondary bronchi
 Tertiary bronchi
 Bronchioles
 Terminal bronchioles
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Slide 13.14
Bronchioles
 Smallest
branches of
the bronchi
Figure 13.5a
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Slide 13.15a
Bronchioles
 All but the smallest
branches have
reinforcing cartilage
Figure 13.5a
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Slide 13.15b
Bronchioles
 Terminal
bronchioles lead
into
structures that
end in alveoli
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Figure 13.5a
Slide 13.15c
Lungs
 Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
 Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion)
 base rests on the diaphragm (inferior
portion)
 Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
 Left lung – two lobes (U, L)
 Right lung – three lobes (U, M, L)
Slide 13.12a
Coverings of the Lungs
 Pleura covers the lung surface
 Pleural fluid fills the area between layers
of pleura to allow gliding
Lungs
Figure 13.4b
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Slide 13.12b
Conducting Zone
 Structures
 Primary bronchi
 Secondary bronchi
 Tertiary bronchi
 Conduits to and from respiratory zone,
no gas exchange occurs
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Slide 13.16
Respiratory Zone
 Structures
 Respiratory bronchioles
 Alveolar duct
 Alveoli
 Site of gas exchange
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Slide 13.16
Alveoli
 Structure of alveoli

– between respiratory
bronchioles and alveolar sac

– collection of alveoli with
a common conduit

– single pocket
 Gas exchange takes place within the alveoli
in the
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Slide 13.17
Respiratory Membrane
(Air-Blood Barrier)
 Thin squamous epithelial layer lining
alveolar walls
 Pulmonary capillaries cover external
surfaces of alveoli
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Slide 13.18a
Respiratory Membrane
(Air-Blood Barrier)
Figure 13.6
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Slide 13.18b
• Glossary
• bronchial tree - the system of airways within the lungs, which bring air
from the trachea to the lung's tiny air sacs (alveoli).
• cardiac notch - the indentation in the left lung that provides room for the
heart.
• diaphragm - a muscular membrane under the lungs.
• larynx - a muscular structure at the top of the trachea, containing the
vocal cords.
• left inferior lobe - the bottom lobe of the lung on the left side of the body.
• left superior lobe - the top lobe of the lung on the left side of the body.
• right inferior lobe - the bottom lobe of the lung on the right side of the
body.
• right middle lobe - the middle lobe of the lung on the right side of the
body.
• right superior lobe - the top lobe of the lung on the right side of the body.
• trachea (windpipe) - the tube through which air travels from the larynx to
the lungs.