Transcript Respiration - Mr. Brigham Science

Life Functions
Cellular Respiration/Gas Exchange
&
Excretion
What does it mean to be alive?
• Once you are alive, how do you stay
alive?
• There are NINE life
functions/activities.
• Remember from last unit?
Life Activity
TRANSPORT
Definition
Circulation and absorption of
nutrients
RESPIRATION
The release of energy from food
NUTRITION
Organisms obtain and process
food
REGULATION
Control and coordination of all
activities in an organism
EXCRETION
GROWTH
REPRODUCTION
SYNTHESIS
METABOLISM
Removal of harmful cellular waste
An increase in size and/or
number of cells of an organism
The production of new
individuals
Producing complex substances
from simple substances
The sum total of all life functions
How do single celled and multi-celled organisms perform
these life functions? Remember from last unit?
Life Function
Single Celled
Organism
Multi-cellular
Organism
Transport
DIFFUSION through
cellular membrane
CIRCULATORY
system
Respiration
DIFFUSION through
cellular membrane
RESPIRATORY
system
Nutrition
Intracellular digestion
DIGESTIVE system
extracellular
Regulation
Chemically responds
to environment
ENDOCRINE and
Nervous systems
Excretion
DIFFUSION out
cellular membrane
EXCRETORY system
Reproduction
Mitosis (Binary Fission)
REPRODUCTIVE
system
Cellular Respiration/Gas Exchange
Respiration:
• The process by which ENERGY is
released from NUTRIENT
MOLECULES, converted to a
USABLE FORM and STORED in
cells.
Which cells need the
most energy? clip
Why do our cells need
energy? Cellular Resp
Clip
• The nutrient molecules used are
SUGARS, LIKE GLUCOSE
–Easily DIFFUSE through CELL
MEMBRANE
–CAN’T be used directly by cells as
an energy source
–Have to be CONVERTED TO ATP
which cells CAN BE used as an
energy source
Where does respiration
occur in cells?
• MITOCHONDRIA
What kinds of respiration
occur in organisms?
• Aerobic
(with oxygen)
• Anaerobic
(without oxygen)
Let’s compare the two types of respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Uses oxygen
Does not use oxygen
Makes 36 ATP from 1 molecule
of glucose
Makes 2 ATP from 1 molecule of
glucose
More
Less
Efficient
Efficient
Used by complex organisms
Ie: humans, multi-cellular
plants, some protists
Used by simple organisms AND
complex organisms when
circulatory system is
overburdened.
CO2 waste product
CO2 waste product, and/or lactic
acid or alcohol
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Equation
Equation:
Glucose + 6 water + 6 Oxygen → Glucose → 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP
6Carbon Dioxide + 12 Water +
Or
36 ATP
Glucose → 2 alcohol + 2 CO2 + 2
How is ATP
ATP
created?
Uses:
 Provides energy
for organisms
movie clip
Uses:
1. Lactic Acid
b. Bi-product during
exercise. Lactic acid
builds up causes
cramping and sickness
2. Alcohol
(ethyl)
Aerobic Resp.
movie clip
a. YOGURT
3. CO2
BEER/WINE
BREAD
Anaerobic Resp.
movie clip
Notice that the Respiration equation is the
REVERSE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Cellular Respiration
Glucose + 6 water + 6 Oxygen → 6Carbon Dioxide + 12 Water +
36 ATP
Photosynthesis
Energy + water + Carbon Dioxide → Glucose + water + Oxygen
Resp vs. Photo. Video clip
How do these reactions happen in
organisms?
• ENZYMES
–CATALAYZE chemical reactions so
they can occur QUICKLY AND
PRECISELY
– Enzyme names end in ASE
– Can be REUSED (are not used up)
– Vitamins are COENZYMES that help an
enzyme function more efficiently
– Enzymes work on SUBSTRATES
– ACTIVE SITE area on enzyme that is actually
involved in catalyzing the reaction fits like a
LOCK AND KEY with the substrate
There are three factors that effect rate at which
enzymes, like those that catalyze the respiration
reaction, work
•
TEMPERATURE
•
pH
•
CONCENTRATION OF ENZYME AND SUBSTRATE
Gas Exchange in humans
• Needed to obtain oxygen for respiration
(energy) and get rid of CO2, the waste
product of respiration
• Occurs in the LUNGS
• Always requires a moist surface for
exchange to occur.
Lungs clip
Nostrils
Mouth
Nasal cavity
Esophagus
•Tube behind the
trachea
•Carries food from the
mouth to the stomach
•Part of the digestive
system
Epiglottis
Trachea
• Has cartilaginous rings
to keep tube open
Bronchi
• Has cartilaginous rings
to keep tube open
Bronchioles
•Small tubes that
branch off the bronchi
•Carry air to the alveoli
Lung
•Do not have
cartilaginous rings
Diaphragm
Pathway of
a breath of
air clip
Capillaries
Alveoli
How does gas exchange occur?
• Two phases:
• 1. INHALATION
– A result of a DECREASE IN PRESSURE around
the lungs
– Caused by the muscular DIAPHRAGM
contracting (PULLS DOWN) while the RIB CAGE
EXPANDS
How does gas exchange occur?
–
–
–
–
–
2. Exhalation
Passive
Diaphragm RELAXES while ribs compress
PRESSURE INCREASES in lungs
Forces air OUT
Breathing
Clip
How is breathing controlled in
humans?
• Brain senses pH concentration of blood (Carbon
dioxide is acidic)
– If carbon dioxide is high (blood becomes acidic) –
increases breathing rate (to get rid of the acidic
carbon dioxide and bring the blood back to neutral)
– If carbon dioxide is low (blood is too basic) –
breathing can slow (builds up the acidic carbon
dioxide so the blood can come back to neutral).
• Feedback mechanism.
(A process in which the level of one substance influences the
level of another substance)
Excretion
•Excretion is the removal of cellular wastes from
All Living Cells.
•Wastes were generated from a
cell creating and utilizing energy (cellular respiration,
metabolism – life functions).
ENERGY!!
Five (5) types of metabolic wastes formed:
•Carbon dioxide (CO2)
•Water (H2O)
•Nitrogen Compounds (ammonia, urea, uric
acid)
•Mineral salts
•Heat
How do humans rid the body of cellular wastes
created through cellular respiration?
• Excretory system
• Four (4) organs part of this system
I. LIVER
II. KIDNEYS
III. LUNGS
IV. SKIN
Human Excretory Organs
I.LIVER
• Has a digestive and excretory
function
Liver movie clip
• Digestive function: liver
produces bile which aids in the
mechanical breakdown of
fats/lipids (emulsification)
LIVER Continued
• Excretory function: liver removes waste
from the blood by changing the substance
into a less toxic form. This is then released
back into the blood and completely removed
by the kidneys
• Makes urea from breaking up excess
amino acids, which is then completely
removed by the kidneys
LIVER Continued
***If the liver is overworked due to alcohol
consumption, drug use or hepatitis, it will
harden and be unable to filter the blood of
toxic substances. This is called cirrhosis.
Liver →
← Spleen
← Gall Bladder
← Kidney
BE KIND TO YOUR
LIVER!!
IT WILL THANK YOU!!
Liver
II. KIDNEYS (Renal)
 Come in pairs located towards your back
Made up of 3 parts
I.Cortex – outer part where most blood is filtered
II.Medulla – middle section
III.Renal Pelvis – inner section where collecting ducts
gather and drain urine to ureters and then to the
bladder
Intro to Kidney
Movie Clip –
Click Here!!
Takes UNFILTERED
blood TO the kidney
Takes FILTERED blood
AWAY FROM the kidney
NEPHRON
• NEPHRON is the
functional unit of the
kidney
• <1,000,000 per
kidney!
• Renal artery brings
unfiltered blood (dirty)
from the body to the
kidneys
• Renal vein takes
filtered (clean) blood
away from the kidney to
all body tissues
All about the
Nephron Movie
Clip Click Here!!
HOW DOES YOUR BLOOD GET
FILTERED?
Renal artery branches into capillaries which lead to
a nephron
Arterioles branch into a ball of capillaries called a
glomerulus which is under extremely high pressure
•Glomerulus is surrounded by a hollow cup called
a Bowman’s Capsule
HOW DOES YOUR BLOOD GET FILTERED?
• Since the glomerulus is under such High pressure, it
forces water, salts, glucose amino acids and urea from the
blood plasma into the Bowman’s capsule (Filtration)
• The mixture of these substances travel from the capsule
down a twisty tube called the Loop of Henle
• The Loop of Henle is surrounded by capillaries
• The capillaries reabsorb water, glucose, amino acids and
salts
Very High Pressure!!
Capillaries
Loop of Henle
HOW DOES YOUR BLOOD GET FILTERED?
Very High Pressure!!
•The rest is called
filtrate or urine which
moves into the
collecting duct
It then empties into the
renal pelvis, ureters
then urinary bladder
which empties when full
via the urethra
Flow of
urine:
Glomerulus
to the
Bowman’s
Capsule to
the Loop of
Henle to the
collecting
duct to the
renal pelvis
to the ureter
to the
bladder and
out the
urethra!
Urination
Movie Clip
Click Here!!
WHAT ARE SOME PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH THE KIDNEYS?
1. Kidney Disease
• One or more of your kidneys
does not filter blood properly
• Causes:
a) Physical stress
b) Increased blood pressure
c) Poor nutrition
•
May lead to renal failure!
Renal Failure
Movie Clip Click
Here!!
WHAT ARE SOME PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH THE KIDNEYS?
•
Options:
a)If just one kidney, may be
removed
b)If both, transplant (if a donor
is available)
c) Dialysis: machine cleans the
blood
WHAT ARE SOME PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH THE KIDNEYS?
2. Kidney Stones
•
•
•
•
Salts + urea form a solid
in any part of the kidney
If very small, may move
through tubes
If too big, may form a
blockage
Symptoms: may get
sharp pain in back or
side, increased urge to
urinate, blood in urine,
fever, nausea
•
WHAT ARE SOME PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH THE KIDNEYS?
Options:
a) surgery to remove
b) Let them pass on
their own if small
enough
c) ultrasound (sound
waves) to break
apart then let them
pass
Surgery to Remove
Kidney Stones
Ultrasound to the Kidney
Stones
Kidney Stones
•
Avoid:
a)Spicy, acidic food
b)Dairy
c)caffeine
III. LUNGS
• Excrete carbon dioxide and water
from cellular respiration
• Glucose + water + oxygen
dioxide + water
• C6H12O6 + H20 + O2
Energy + carbon
36ATP + CO2 + H20
IV. SKIN
•
•
2 layers: epidermis (outer) dead
dermis (inner) alive
Functions:
a) Protect the body from
harmful material
b) Reduces water loss
c) Excretes water, salt and
urea (sweat)
d) Excretes excess heat (2
ways)
• Sweat is exposed to the air,
evaporates and “takes” heat
along with it
• Blood vessels in skin dilate
(open) which allow
more blood to flow through
them releasing heat
• Blood vessels are closer to
the surface so heat can
escape
Epidermis
Dermis
Skin Movie Clip
Click Here!!
Burns
• First Degree – least
severe: injures the
epidermis
• Second Degree – more
severe: injures the
epidermis and into the
dermis
• Third Degree – Most
severe: injures all layers
of skin into muscle,
bones, etc…
http://www.hmc.psu.edu/healthinfo/b/index.htm
To learn about burns click the
above web address