Transcript Chapter 1: The Human Body An Orientation

Chapter 1 Anatomical
Terminology, Medical
Imaging, Organ System
Overview
Memorization
• Factors that affect transfer from short-term
memory (STM) to long-term memory
(LTM)
– Emotional state: best if alert, motivated,
surprised and aroused
– Rehearsal: repetition and practice
– Association: tying new information with old
memories
– Automatic memory: subconscious information
stored in LTM
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Chemical level
Cellular level
3
Tissue level
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Organ level
Heart
Blood
vessels
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Organismal level
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Organ system level
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy: Structure of body parts and their
relations
– Gross (seen by unaided eye): regional, systemic,
surface
– Microscopic: cytology and histology
– Developmental: studying the anatomy of the developing
organism and embryology (fertilization to third month-> fetus)
• Physiology: function
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• Essential tools for the study of anatomy:
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Mastery of anatomical terminology
Observation
Manipulation
Palpation
Auscultation
Anatomical Terminology - The Language of Anatomy
1. Prefixes Indicating Location, Direction, and Tendency
Prefix
Meaning
Example_________________
Abfrom, away
abnormal - away from normal
Adto, near, toward
adrenal - near the kindey
Antebefore
antepartum - before delivery of child
Bradyslow
bradycardia - slow heart beat
Brevshort
brevity - in a short time
Circumaround
circumocular - around the eye
Cowith, together
coordinate - work together
Conwith, together
congenital - with birth
Contraagainst
contraindicated - not indicated
Counteragainst
counterirritant - against irritation
Disapart from
disarticulated - taking a joint apart
Ectoutside
ectonuclear - outside the nucleus
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Anatomical Terminology - The Language of Anatomy
1. Prefixes Indicating Location, Direction, and Tendency
Endwithin
endocardium - lining inner heart
Epiupon, on top of
epidermis - upon the skin
Exout from
exhalation - breathe out
Hypounder, lower
hypodermic - under the skin
Hyperabove, higher
hyperactive - higher level activity
Imnot
immature - not mature
Innot
incurable - not curable
Infraunder, below
infrapatellar - below the knee
Periaround
pericardium - sac around the heart
Postafter
postmortem - after death
Prebefore
prenatal - before birth
Probefore
prognosis - a fore-knowing
Superabove, on top
superciliary - above the eyebrow
Supraabove, on top
suprapubic - above the pubic bone
Symwith, together
symphony - sounds played together
Synwith, together
synarthrosis - union of bones
Trans- through, across
transurethral - through the urethra
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2.
Prefixes Indicating Number and Measurement
UniMonoBiBinDiTerTriQuadrTetraPolyOligoMicroMacroMega-
one
two
two
two
three
three
many
unicycle - one wheel
one
mononuclear - one nucleus
bilateral - two sides
binocular - two eyes
dicephalic - two heads
tertiary - the third part or stage
trilobar - three lobes
four
quadriceps - muscle with four heads
four
tetracylcine - four-ringed molecule
polydactyly - many digits (more than 5)
few
oligosaccharide - few sugars linked together
small
microscope - equipment to view small things
large
macrophage - large eating cell
great/enormous
megadontia - huge teeth
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3. Prefixes Denoting Organs, Structures, Things
Acoust- sound
acoustics - quality of sound
Aud-
audition - to hear someone
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ear, hear
Abdomin/o
abdomen
abdominal - relating to the abdomen
Acr/o
extremity, limbs
acromegaly - abnormally large limbs
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Blast/o early, embryonic
blastocyte - embryonic type cell
Aden/o gland
adenopathy - disease of a gland
Angi/o vessel
angiogram - picture of a vessel
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Arthr/o joint
arthritis - inflammation of a joint
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Bucc/o cheek
buccolabial - relating to cheek and lip
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Cardi/o heart
cardiology - study of the heart
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Corp-
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body
corpus callosum - connecting body
Chondr/o
cartilage
Cephal/o
head
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Cyst/o
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Cyt/o
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bladder
chondrocyte - cartilage cell
cephalic - relating to the head
cystoscopy - view of the bladder
cell
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cytokinesis - cell movement
Prefixes Denoting Organs, Structures, Things
Dent/o
tooth
dental - referring to teeth
Dermat/o
skin
dermatitis - skin inflammation
Duoden/o
duodenum
duodenal - relating to the duodenum
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Encephal/o
brain
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encephalitis - brain inflammation
Gastr/o
stomach
gastrointestinal - stomach and intestine
Hepat/o
liver
hepatitis - liver inflammation
Gloss/o
tongue
glossopathy - tongue disease
Glute-
buttocks
gluteus minimus - small buttocks muscle
Laryng/o
larynx
laryngitis - larynx inflammation
My/o
muscle
myocardium - heart muscle
Nephr/o
kidney
nephrologist - one who studies kidneys
Neur/o
nerve
neurosurgeon - surgeon of nervous system
Oste/o
bone
osteocyte - bone cell
Ot/o
ear
otitis media - middle ear inflammation
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Ophthalm/o
eye
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Path/o
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disease
Pneumon/o
Rhin/o
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pathological - relating to disease
lung
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nose
exophthalmos - eyes bulge out
pneumonia - condition of the lung
rhinoplasty - reform the nose
Stomat/o
mouth, opening
stomatitis - mouth inflammation
Thorac/o
chest or thorax
thoracocentesis - puncture of the thorax
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Suffixes Denoting Relations, Conditions, and Agents
Suffix
-ac
Meaning
related to
-ious
-ic
Example____________________________
related to
related to
cardiac - related to the heart
contagious - communicable by contact
pyloric - related to pyloric valve of stomach
-ism
condition
mutism - condition of being mute
-osis
condition
scoliosis - S-shaped condition of backbone
-tion
condition
constipation - constant blockage condition
-ist
agent (a person)
opthalmologist - eye doctor
-or
agent
operator
-er
agent
examiner
-ician
agent
-centesis
to puncture
amniocentesis - puncture the amnion (fluid)
-ectomy
to cut out and remove
appendectomy - cut out & remove appendix
-ostomy
to cut and form opening
-otomy
to cut or slice
physician
colostomy - opening to drain the colon
tracheotomy - cut the trachea
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4. Suffixes Denoting Relations, Conditions, and Agents
Suffix
Meaning
Example____________________________
-pexy
to fix or repair
-plasty
to reform or repair
-rraphy
to suture, sew
gastropexy - repair the stomach
rhinoplasty - reform the nose
ateriorraphy - suture an artery
-scopy
to view
otoscope - instrument to view ear
-algia
pain
neuralgia - nerve pain
-cide
kill or destroy
germicide - substance that kills germs
-emia
of the blood
cholesterolemia - cholesterol in the blood
-gram
writing or record
electrocardiogram - record of heart action
-graph
recording instrument
electrocardiograph - records the heart
-itis
inflammation
appendicitis - appendix inflammation
-ology
the study of
ophthalmology - study of the eye
-oma
tumor
lymphoma - tumor of lymphatics
-orrhea
flow
menorrhea - flow during menstruation
-malacia
soft
osteomalacia - bone softening
-phasia
speech
dysphasia - slurred or blunted12
speech
-phobia
fear
arachnophobia - fear of spiders
Anatomical Position
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Why?
Standard anatomical body position:
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Directional terms:
•Superior: toward the upper region of body or
structure, above
•Inferior: below, toward the lower region of body
or structure
•Anterior (ventral): toward the front in humans
•Posterior (dorsal): toward the back in humans
•Medial: toward the midline of the body; inner
side
•Ipsilateral: same side
•Contralateral: on the opposite side
•Lateral: away from the midline of the body;
toward the side
•Intermediate: between a more medial and a more
lateral structure
Directional terms (continued):
•Proximal: closer to the origin of the
body part or the point of attachment of
a limb to a body part
•Distal: farther from the origin of the
body part or the point of attachment of
a limb to a body part
•Superficial (external): toward of at
the body surface
•Deep (internal):Away from the surface;
more internal
•Parietal: Pertaining to the walls of a
cavity
•Visceral: Pertaining to an internal organ
the body or internal part of a structure
Planes and Sections
• Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides body vertically into
anterior and posterior parts
• Transverse (horizontal) plane: Divides body horizontally
into superior and inferior parts; produces a cross
section
• Oblique section: Cuts made diagonally
• Sagittal plane: divides the body vertically into left and
right parts
– Midsagittal plane: lies on the midline
– Parasagittal plane: not on the midline
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Cavities: spaces closed to the outside that
protect organs within
Cranial cavity
(contains
brain)
Cranial
cavity
Thoracic
cavity contains
heart and lungs
Vertebral cavity
(contains spinal
cord)
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity contains
digestive viscera
Pleural cavity
Pericardial
cavity in
mediastinum
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
(a) Lateral view
(b) Anterior view
Figure 1.9a-b
Body Cavities
1. Dorsal Body Cavity
a. cranial cavity (brain)
b. vertebral cavity (spinal cord)
2. Ventral Body Cavity (viscera - organs found here)
a. thoracic cavity
i. pleural cavity (space separating the parietal pleura and visceral
pleura of lungs - like balloon pushed in with fist)
ii. mediastinum - all contents of thoracic cavity except the lungs
(eg. heart)
b. abdominopelvic cavity
i. abdominal - stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small
intestine
ii. pelvic - urinary bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
3.Other Body Cavities
a. oral cavity (mouth)
b. nasal cavity (sinuses for air passage)
c. orbital cavities (eyes)
d. middle ear cavities (in temporal bone)
e. synovial cavities (freely moveable joints)
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Serous Membrane (Serosa): a double membrane
surrounding the ventral body cavities
• Thin, doublelayered membrane
separated by
serous fluid
– Parietal serosa
lines internal body
walls
– Visceral serosa
covers the internal
organs
heart
Parietal
pericardium
Pericardial
space with
serous fluid
Visceral
pericardium
Abdominopelvic quadrants
Used mostly by
medical
professionals
Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)
Figure 1.11
Abdominopelvic regions: nine divisions used
primarily by anatomists
Right
Epigastric
hypochondriac
region
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Right iliac Hypogastric
(inguinal) (pubic)
region
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Left
lumbar
region
Left iliac
(inguinal)
region
(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes
Liver
Diaphragm
Gallbladder
Stomach
Ascending colon of
large intestine
Transverse colon
of large intestine
Small intestine
Descending colon
of large intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Urinary bladder
(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs
Figure 1.12
Regional Terms
•Two major divisions of body:
•Axial
•Head, neck, and trunk
•Appendicular
•Limbs
•Regional terms designate specific areas
Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Oral
Mental
Cervical
Thoracic
Axillary
Mammary
Sternal
Abdominal
Umbilical
Pelvic
Inguinal
(groin)
Pubic
(genital)
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
(a) Anterior/Ventral
Upper limb
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Manus (hand)
Palmar
Pollex
Digital
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Crural (leg)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Metatarsal
Digital
Hallux
Upper limb
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Olecranal
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Manus (hand)
Metacarpal
Digital
Lower limb
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Calcaneal
Plantar
Cephalic
Otic
Occipital (back
of head)
Cervical
Back (dorsal)
Scapular
Vertebral
Lumbar
Sacral
Gluteal
Perineal (between
anus and external
genitalia)
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
(b) Posterior/Dorsal
Figure 1.7b
Medical Imaging Techniques
A. Classic X-ray : radiography (radiograph)
1. good for dense structures (bones and tumors)
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B. Computed Tomography (CT) or Computerized Axial Tomography
(CAT) Scanning
1. employs X-ray technology to create clearer image
2. tumors, aneurysms, kidney stones, gallstones, etc.
C. Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)
1. ultrafast CT scan to see 3D images of organ action/motion
2. can visualize blood flowing though vessels and heart beating
3. can evaluate heart defects, constricted or blocked vessels and the status of
coronary bypass grafts
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C. Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI)
1.uses magnetic properties
of molecules, not X-rays
2. presence of cancer cells,
chemical disease of brain,
spinal cord disorders,
blood flow problems, injury
after stroke, measure
effects of drugs on tissues
3. used chiefly on soft
tissues such as brain &
heart because it looks at
hydrogen which is mostly in
water
Pancreas
Aorta
Spleen
Left and
Liver Heart Spleen
right lungs
Stomach
Arm
Liver
Spinal cord
Body wall
Subcutaneous fat layer
Intestines
Rectum
Vertebral
column
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E. Ultrasound (US)
1. uses high frequency sound waves
2. gall stones, pelvic organs, blood flow, fetal development
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F. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
1. uses radioisotopes such as Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13,
computer analyzes emmission of gamma rays and
produces a colorful live action picture
2. Detects areas undergoing metabolism
3. very good at studying glucose absorption by neurons
in the brain during certain tasks. Also detects brain
activity in people affected by mental illness, stroke,
Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy.
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G. Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
1. takes X-ray picture before and after administration of
contrast substance to the vessels
2. used to study vessels of the brain and heart to help
prevent strokes and heart attacks
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Respiratory system
Digestive system
Takes in oxygen and
eliminates carbon dioxide
Takes in nutrients, breaks them
down, and eliminates unabsorbed
matter (feces)
Food
O2
CO2
Cardiovascular
system
Via the blood,
distributes oxygen
and nutrients to all
body cells and
delivers wastes and
carbon
dioxide to disposal
organs
Blood
CO2
O2
Heart
Nutrients
Interstitial fluid
Urinary
system
Integumentary
system Protects
the body as a
whole
from the external
environment
Eliminates
nitrogenous
wastes and
excess ions
Nutrients and wastes pass
between blood and cells
via the interstitial fluid
Feces
Urine
Digestive system:
 mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach,
small & large intestine,
salivary glands,
Respiratory system:
exocrine pancreas,
Circulatory system:
 Nose, pharynx,
 heart, blood, blood liver, gallbladder
larynx, trachea,
 breaks dietary food
vessels
bronchi, lungs
into small nutrient
 transports
molecules.
 obtains O2 &
materials (e.g.,
eliminates CO2
nutrients, gases)
Urinary system
 kidneys, ureters, urinary
bladder, urethra
 removes & eliminates
wastes from the plasma
Skeletal system
 bones, cartilage,
joints
 provides support
and protection for
soft tissues
Muscular
system
 skeletal
muscles
 moves the
bones
Immune system
 lymph nodes, thymus,
bone marrow, tonsils,
adenoids, spleen,
appendix, white blood
Integumentary
cells & tissue, other
system
lymphoid tissue
 skin, hair, nails
 defends against
 serves as an outer foreign invaders
protective barrier
Nervous system
 brain, spinal cord,
peripheral nerves
& special sense
organs
 Rapid control
system
Endocrine system
Reproductive system
 all hormone-secreting tissues,  Male: testes, penis, prostate
including: hypothalamus,
glands, seminal vesicles,
pituitary, thyroid, adrenals,
bulbourethral glands, &
endocrine pancreas, gonads,
associated ducts
kidneys, pineal, thymus,
parathyroids, intestine, heart,  Female: ovaries, oviducts, uterus,
vagina, breasts
fat cells, skin
- perpetuation of
 regulates activities that require reproductive
the species
duration