Transcript BODY ORGANIZATION

BODY ORGANIZATION
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Anatomy & Physiology
• Anatomy- investigating human structure via
dissections and other methods
• Physiology- the science that examines the
functions of living organisms
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Anatomy and Physiology
• Four basic properties of life
– Reception is the ability of the organism to control
its actions and respond to changes in the
environment
– Metabolism is the process of taking in and using
nutrients to produce energy and growth
– Reproduction is the ability to reproduce offspring
to continue the species
– Organization involves how the organism is divided
into distinct parts to perform these functions
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Anatomy & Physiology
• Homeostasis:
– A state of relative constancy
– A constant state maintained by living and
nonliving organisms
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Anatomy
Atoms-molecules-organelles:
• Body structures are organized on five levels
– Cells are the smallest unit of life
– Tissues are combinations of similar cells
– Organs are collections of tissues working together
to perform a function
– A body system consists of organs that work
together to provide a major body function
– An organism is the being that results when the
body systems work together to maintain life
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Figure 8-1 Cell Structure
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Cells
•
•
•
•
•
Hist/o= tissue
Cyst/o=cell
Histology= study of tissues
Histologist= scientist who studies tissues
Cystology= study of cells
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Cells
• Cell- building block; structural unit
*Carry on functions of life:
1. Take in food and oxygen; ingestion, respiration,
digestion
2. Produce heat and energy: metabolism
3. Move and adapt to their environment: motility and
transport
4. Eliminate waste; excretion
5. Perform special functions; secretion
6. Reproduce to create new identical cells;
reproduction
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Cell Membrane
• Outer protective covering of cell
• Composed of proteins and fats
• Semipermeable: allows materials to pass into and
out of the cell
• Phagcytosis “cell eating”; engulfs solids- proteins,
bacteria and dead cell debris
• Pinocytosis “cell drinking” liquids (nutrients
absorbtion in sm intestines)
• Exocytosis- removes particles from the cell
(hormones, neurotransmitters, mucus, waste
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Cytoplasm
• 1. semi-fluid inside the membrane that
surrounds the cell parts and transports
chemicals and nutrients within the cell
• 2. contains water, food, organelles, and
other materials
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Organelles-
small structures that perform a specialized function in a cell
• Nucleus- brain of the cell; controls cell activity and DNA
(including reproduction); however, RBC’s do not have a
nucleus and are called enucleated
• Nucleolus- located in cell nucleus; important in
reproduction (RNA)
• Chromatin Network- located in nucleus; forms
chromosomes which contain genes that carry inherited
traits; chromosomes contain DNA and genetic info of cell
• Genotype- configuration of genetic info for an individual
trait; genetic make-up of an organism; located in a
chromosome
• (Karyotype= chromosomal map)
• Mitochondria- located throughout cytoplasm; powerhouse
of cell; helps produce energy (ATP & ADP); contain their
own DNA
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Organelles
• Cytoskeleton- microtubules and microfilaments
• Ribosomes- protein synthesis (produce protein)
• Lysosomes- “stomach of the cell”sacks of digestive
enzymes; have enzymes that can break down almost every
stubstance in the cell
• Golgi Apparatus- synthesizes carbohydrates and transports
enzymes/hormones/proteins
• Vesicles- fluid filled sack
• Vacuole- containers; storage sac-like structure
• Endoplasmic reticulum- transport system of network
channels
– Smooth ER- lipids
– Rough ER- protein
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Tissue Types
• Epithelial tissue
– Covers the body, forms glands, and lines the
surfaces of cavities and organs
– Has no blood vessels but depends on capillaries in
underlying connective tissues
Functions:
Protection- skin
Absorption- digestive tract and kidneys
Filtration- kidneys
Excretion- kidneys
Secretion- glands and kidneys
Sensory reception- skin
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Tissue types
• Epithelial cell classifications
–
–
–
–
Squamous: scale like, singular layer, flat (diffusion)
Cuboidal: square, fat (secretion)
Columnar: tall, narrow (absorption, secretion)
Pseudostratified: single layer of differing heights
(secretion)
– Stratified: multiple cell layers (protection)
– Glandular: make and secrete a product
• Endocrine- no ducts (hormones)
• Exocrine- ducts, mucous, sweat, oil, salivary
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Tissue Types
• Connective tissue
- Functions: transports, supports, & defese
– Formed by a protein, includes soft tissue such as
fat and blood cells and hard tissues such as
bones, ligaments, and cartilage
– The most widespread and abundant tissue in the
body
– Supporting framework of organs
– Widely separated cells and abundant intercellular
matrix
– **Blood is a connective tissue
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Tissue Types
• Connective
– Soft Connective Tissue
• Areolar: support, collagen and elastin fibers, thin and glistens;
wraps and cushions organs and nerves
• Adipose (fat): signet ring shaped cells; stores fat as reserve
food or energy source; insulation for body heat & protection of
organs
• Reticular: soft internal skeleton (lymph nodes, spleen)
• Fibrous (dense regular CT) tensile strength when force is in
one direction (tendons, ligaments, fasciae)
• Fibrous (dense irregular CT) tensile strength when force is in
many directions (dermis of skin)
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Tissue Types
• Connective
– Hard Connective
• Cartilage- tough, elastic material found between
vertebrae and end of long bones (shock absorption);
also found in nose, ears, larynx; no nerves, poor
blood supply- heals poorly
• Tendons- connects muscle to bone
• Ligaments- connects bone to bone
• Osseus (bone)- similar to cartilage but has calcium
salts, nerves, blood vessels, body structure, and
calcium storage
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Adipose (Fat) Tissue
Type of connective tissue
• Insulates to conserve body heat
• Supports & protects kidneys
• Stores excess foods
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Types of cells.
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
reserved.
Bac
Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. Allrights
rights reserved.
MENU
Fi
Forwar
Tissue Types (continued)
• Nervous tissue
– Composed largely of specialized cells called
neurons and neuroglia (supporting cells)
– Transmits impulses throughout the body
– Reacts to stimuli
– Makes up brain, spinal cord, nerves
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Tissue Types
• Muscle tissue
– Made of protein fibers, has the unique property of
shortening to produce movement (muscle
contraction)
– Highly cellular, well vascularized
3 types:
-Skeletal: attaches bones to provide movement
(striated & voluntary); high contractility
-Cardiac: causes heart to beat (striated &
involuntary)
-Smooth: in walls of hollow organs (GI) & blood
vessels; no striations and is involuntary
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Muscle Tissues
Cardiac
Striated
Smoothlongitudinal
SmoothTransverse
Myotendon jt
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Body Systems
• Integumentary system covers the body and
protects other body systems
• Cardiovascular system transports oxygen and
nutrients to all body parts and removes waste
products
• Circulatory system includes the blood and
lymph that move throughout the body
• Respiratory system exchanges gases between
the air and blood
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Body Systems (continued)
• Muscular system allows the body to move
and controls movements within the body
• Skeletal system provides body support and
protection
• Digestive system processes food and
eliminates food waste
• Urinary system filters the blood and removes
liquid wastes
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Body Systems (continued)
• Endocrine system coordinates body cavities
through hormones
• Nervous system regulates the environment
and directs the activities of other body
systems
• Sensory system perceives the environment
and sends messages to and from the brain
• Reproductive system provides for human
reproduction
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Clinical Observations
• Palpation- to touch or feel
• Auscultation- listen with stethoscope
• Percussion- is a method of "tapping" body parts
during a physical exam with fingers, hands, or
small instruments. The purpose is to evaluate the
size, consistency, borders, and presence or absence
of fluid in body organs.
• Autopsy- examination of a dead body for cause of
death
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Figure 8-4 Body Planes
Frontal plane
Transverse Plane
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Sagital Plane
Figure 8-5 Body Cavities
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Organs in Body Cavitites
•
•
•
•
Cranial- Brain and pituitary gland
Spinal- spinal cord, vertebrae and nerves
Thoracic- lungs, heart and mediastinum
Diaphragm- muscle dividing thoracic &
abdominal
• Abdominal- stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder,
pancreas, large and small intestines, appendix
• Pelvic- reproductive organs and bladder
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Anatomical division of the back.
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
reserved.
Bac
Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. Allrights
rights reserved.
MENU
Fig
Forwar
Figure 8-6 Body Regions
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Abdominopelvic regions.
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
reserved.
Bac
Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. Allrights
rights reserved.
MENU
Fig
Forwar
Anatomical Directions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
Superior
Inferior
Supine
Prone
Deep
Superficial
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Cell Function
• Cell reproduction
– Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides to reproduce,
creating an identical replica with the same chromosomes;
replaces dead/injured cells
– Meiosis is the process of the cell dividing into two parts each
with only one half of the chromosomes. This is the process
that results in formation of sex cells (gametes). Two
gametes with chromosomes from different parents is
fertilization.
– Gamete- a fertilized egg
• Heredity
– Heredity is the passing on of genetic information that
determines the characteristics of an individual person;
genotype is the genetic info in a chromosome; the trait or
appearance that results from the genotype is the phenotype
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Cell Formation Diseases
• Genetic disorders
– Abnormal genes or chromosomes cause
many disorders
• Cancer
– The uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
that tend to spread (metastasize) and
invade the tissue around them
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.