Transcript Laboratory Techniques ppt

Laboratory Procedures
Pre-Vet
Laboratory Techniques
TM 1
Circulatory System
Functions
• Respiratory – O2 and CO2 exchange
• Excretory – removes waste from body cells
• Protection – clotting, transports white blood cells
to infections
• Nutrition – carries energy and food throughout the
body
• Regulatory – helps to maintain pH and
temperature
• Hormonal – transfers hormones to organs
Laboratory Techniques
TM 2
Circulatory System Components
• Heart- muscular, four-chamber pump that
drives the circulatory system
• Pericardium- fibrous sac that encloses the
heart
• Artery- elastic vessel with thick walls to
maintain high pressure while carrying blood
away from the heart
• Vein- thin walled vessel that carries
deoxygenated blood to the heart
Laboratory Techniques
TM 3
Circulatory System Components
• Capillary- microscopic vessel that forms a
network between arteries, veins, and body
tissues
• Lymph System- consists of lymphatic
vessels & tissues (tonsils, thymus, spleen,
lymph nodes) that play an important role in
immunity and disease prevention
Laboratory Techniques
TM 4
Circulatory System Components
• Lymph Node- bean-shaped structures
located throughout the body that produce
lymphocytes and monocytes, and filters
bacteria, foreign bodies, and malignant cells
• Spleen- largest lymph organ, produces
lymphocytes, and monocytes, stores red
blood cells and iron, and destroys old blood
cells.
Laboratory Techniques
TM 5
Heart
Circulation
Aorta
Pulmonary Arteriesto lungs
Pulmonary
Veins
Cranial Vena
Cava
Left Atrium
Right
Atrium
Left Ventricle
Caudal Vena
Cava
Right
Ventricle
Laboratory Techniques
TM 6
Major Veins
Jugular veins
Cephalic veins
Right axillary vein
Right brachial vein
Cranial vena cava
Caudal vena cava
Ovarian vein
Renal vein
Testicular vein
Right external iliac
Femoral vein
Saphenous vein
Caudal vein
Laboratory Techniques
TM 7
Major Arteries
Facial arteries
Right axillary
Right brachial
Common
carotid arteries
Brachiocephalic
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Mesenteric arteries
Renal artery
Ovarian artery
Testicular artery
Right external iliac
Femoral artery
Caudal artery
Laboratory Techniques
TM 8
Structure of Blood
Blood is composed of :
40% cells and 60% plasma
 The cells that in the blood are:
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Platelets
Laboratory Techniques
TM 9
Erythrocyte
(red blood cell)
• The most abundant blood cell
• Function – transport O2 throughout the body
Mammals – no cell nucleus
Birds & Reptiles –cell nucleus
Laboratory Techniques
TM 10
Leukocytes
(white blood cells)
• Colorless (leuk=white) cells capable of
movement that provide body defence
• Two categories:
– Granulocytes
• Neutrophil
• Basophil
• Eosinophil
– Agranulocytes
• Lymphocytes
• Monocyte
Laboratory Techniques
TM 11
Neutrophil
• Function- to stop or slow down foreign organisms
• They work by:
– Phagocytosis – to eat bacteria and dead cells
– Bacteriocidal – to kill bacteria
Laboratory Techniques
TM 12
Basophil
• Functions –
– Phagocytosis
– Mediate allergic reactions
– Produce heparin and histamine
Laboratory Techniques
TM 13
Eosinophil
• Functions –
– Moderate the inflammatory response
– phagocytosis
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TM 14
Lymphocyte & Monocyte
• Lymphocyte – plays a vital
role in immunity
 T-cells (memory cells) – cells
are sensitized to an antigen,
remember that antigen and
fight it off next time
• Monocyte – largest blood
cell
 Function is phagocytosis
 B-cells – divide to form many
cells to fight an antigen
Laboratory Techniques
TM 15
Thrombocyte
• Function –
– Hemostasis (clotting) – stop bleeding by adhering to damaged
vessels and clumping together, release proteins that help form a
clot
Laboratory Techniques
TM 16
Urinary System
Urethra
Ureter
Urethra
Ureter
Kidney
Bladder
Kidney
Bladder
Laboratory Techniques
TM 17
The Kidney
Cortex
Medulla
Renal artery
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Renal capsule
Laboratory Techniques
TM 18
The
Glomerulus
Nephron
Bowman’s
capsule
Proximal
convoluted
tubule
Arterioles
Distal
convoluted
tubule
Loop of Henle
Collecting
duct
Laboratory Techniques
TM 19
Urinalysis
Laboratory Techniques
TM 20
Color
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Most speices are pale yellow to amber color
Color correlates to specific gravity (sg)
Lighter color= lower sg
Darker color= higher sg
Red color= hematuria (rbc in urine)
Yellowish-brown foamy urine= presence of bile
Rabbits have darker orange to reddish-brown
Laboratory Techniques
TM 21
Transparency
• Clear, fresh urine is normal
• Cloudy urine indicates the presence of cells,
bacteria, crystals, or fats, but horse, rabbit,
and hamster cloudy urine is normal
• Flocculent describes urine with pieces of
debris floating in it caused by cells, fats,
and mucus
Laboratory Techniques
TM 22
Specific Gravity
• Measures concentration or density of urine
compared to distilled water. 3 ways to
measure
– Refractometer: refracts light through urine and
measure density
– Urinometer: bulb is floated in a cylinder filled
with urine, read off a scale attached
– Reagent strips: chemical pad that changes color
when dipped in urine
Laboratory Techniques
TM 23
SG cont.
• Increased sg could indicate dehydration,
decreased water intake, acute renal disease,
or shock
• Decreased sg could indicate increased water
intake, chronic renal disease.
Laboratory Techniques
TM 24
Chemistry
• Evaluate: pH, protein, glucose, blood, bile,
etc.
• Done with reagent strips
• Determine diabetes, renal failure, liver
infections, urinary tract infection, etc
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TM 25
Sediment
• RBC, WBC (large amounts mean disease or
infection)
• Bacteria (infection)
• Crystals (irritating the urinary tract)
• Casts: tubular clumps of cells
Laboratory Techniques
TM 26