Transcript Vertebrates
1 2 Different classes of vertebrates, which include jawless fishes (e.g., lampreys), cartilaginous fishes (e.g., sharks), bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. 3 •A vertebrate is an animal with a strong, flexible backbone. •You are an example of a vertebrate. •All vertebrates exhibit bilateral symmetry and a true body cavity with an endoskeleton. •Found in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Endothermy Lungs Strong Limbs adaptations in Vertebrates for life on land Skin Muscles Eggs 4 5 6 Endoskeleton: •Support •Attachment for muscles •Grows with the animal 7 Major Characteristics: •Lateral Line System •Row of sensitive cells that can detect very small amounts of motion in the water. •Closed circulatory system with a heart •Well developed nervous system and brain •Exchange gases using gills- diffusion •Herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders, and Detritivores. •Movement- contracting muscles on either side of the backbone 8 Skeleton made of fibers and cartilage Hagfish Lack eyes- detect light through sensors on their body Feed on dead and dying fish 9 10 Lampreys •Usually parasites •Have funnel-like mouths lined with sharp teeth. •In center of mouth is tongue with a tooth like projection. •Attaches to other fish by suction. It tears a hole in the fish and injects a chemical that keeps the blood from clotting. Sucks blood and fluids from its host. 11 12 •Sharks and Rays •Complete vertebral column, movable jaws, and skeleton with paired fins. •All of these structures are made up of cartilage •Whale shark can grow up to 49.5 ft weighing 39,600 pounds. Water enters the mouth and water passes over the gills where the gases are exchanged. Sharp sense of smell. Also have lateral line system. Internal fertilization 13 14 15 Skeleton made of bone Marine and freshwater Swim Bladder: thin sac that acts as a float. (Filled with oxygen and other gasses) Can be adjusted so that the fish can move to different levels. Gills for gas exchange Two chambered heart 16 Lateral line system and a keen sense of smell. External fertilization 17 mudskippers 18 19 Major Characteristics: •Lives in water as a larvae and on land as an adult •Moist skin •Breathes with lungs as an adult •Lacks scales and claws •Must return to water to reproduce. •Age of amphibians: 360-286 mya Success on Land: Lungs, stronger bones in limbs to help support weight out of water, breastbone to protect internal organs. 20 Salamanders, newts, frogs, and toads First vertebrates to adapt to life on land Young can only live in water Undergo metamorphosis and can live on land tadpole stage can regenerate lost parts •Smooth skin, no scales, feet are webbed, toes are soft and lack claws •Respiration 21 through gills, lungs and/or skin •no external ears: have eardrums or tympanic membranes 22 Eggs usually laid in water and fertilized externally 23 Ecology •Food for other animals •Some can produce poison defense Blue Poison Frog 24 Turtles, crocodilians, Lizards, and Snakes 25 Major Characteristics: •Dry, scaly skin Helps prevent water loss With scales or plates •Lungs Able to breath air 26 27 28 Lay eggs with several membranes • Oviparous: animals that lay eggs • One of the most important adaptations for life on land. • Does not need water for reproduction 29 Egg covered w/a shell that protects the developing embryo from drying out 30 Limbs, if present, having toes with claws used for climbing, digging, and moving around on land. 31 Body temperature that varies with that of the surroundings. Cannot generate their own body heat Ectotherm: animals with a body temperature that is influenced by the environment 32 Strong Chests muscles •Only group adapted to life in the air. •Body covered with feathers •Modified scales •Made of protein and develop in pit in the birds’ skin. •Two types: Contour (Lift) & Down (Warmth) •Help birds fly and keep warm •Attract mate •In some species-waterproof 33 34 Endotherms: A constant warm temp. generated internally by a high metabolic rate. 35 Two legs covered with scales Modified for specific useperching, walking, etc. Front limbs modified into wings. 36 Molting: birds sheds their feathers at least once a year (gradual) Thin hollow bones 37 -Toothless beak •Birds have many different types of feet and beaks. Modified for the life style of the bird. 38 Reproduction: Internal fertilization Amniotic eggharder shells than reptiles Digestion: Crop: Storage Gizzard: Can contain small stones, help with the mechanical breakdown of food 39 40 Cassowary Rheas There are many species of flightless birds: ostrich, penguins Emus Ecology 41 Pollination Seed dispersal Control insect populations Indicator of environmental health Rachel Carson‘s book Silent Spring - pesticides in the food chain Humans, Manatees, Elephants, Kangaroos, Apes, Tigers, Dogs 41 42 Major Characteristics •Body covered with hair •Young nourished in the uterus •Young nourished w/milk from mammary glands •lung-breathing throughout lifetime •diaphram •Have four chambered heart •endothermic: maintain constant body temperature •Subcutaneous Fat under skin to conserve heat •Sweat glands to cool body 43 Feeding: Carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores. Evolution of a strong more powerful jaw enabled mammals to eat food other than insects. 44 Reproduction: •Internal fertilization Which is NOT an adaptation of both reptiles and birds? A terrestrial eggs B strong muscles C efficient lungs D moist skin 45 Which of these organisms exhibit bilateral symmetry? A a lobster B a sponge C a starfish D a sand dollar 46 Which phrase BEST describes the bones found in birds? A composed of keratin B thick and solid C composed of cellulose D thin and hollow 47