Transcript Respiratory System - Napa Valley College

Respiratory System
Chapter 11
Objectives
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Identify the organs of the respiratory system
Locate the structures of the respiratory system
Identify the functions of the respiratory
system
Review some disorders of the respiratory
system
Review some laboratory test and procedures
Functions of the Respiratory
System
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Breathing process
Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Enable speech production
How it works:
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Consist of a series of tubes that transport air
in an out of the lungs.
Function is to supply oxygen to the body cells
and to transport carbon dioxide which is
produced by the body cells into the
atmosphere
There are two forms of respiration exchange
1: External respiration
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Oxygen is inhaled (inhaled air is about 21%
oxygen) into the air sacs of the lungs
It is then immediately passed into tiny
capillary blood vessels surrounding the air
spaces
External respiration contd:
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Simultaneously, carbon dioxide, ( a gas
produced when oxygen and food combine in
cells) passes from the capillary blood vessels
into the air spaces of the lungs to be exhaled.
Exhaled air contains 16% oxygen
Mostly an involuntary activity
2. Internal respiration
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Happens simultaneously as external
respiration
Occurs between the individual body cells and
the tiny capillary blood vessels
Involves an exchange of gases at the cells
with in all organs of the body
Oxygen passes out of the blood stream into
tissue cells
Cellular respiration:
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Further use of the body cells to use oxygen to
produce energy
Release of carbon dioxide and water
FYI:
RR = respiratory rate
Respiratory rate is the rate per minute of inhaling
and exhaling
A normal rate for an adult is 16 to 18 times a
minute
Structures of Respiratory System
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upper respiratory tract
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nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and
trachea
lower respiratory tract
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bronchial tree and lungs
Respiratory tract divided into:
Upper Respiratory tract:
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Nose: (nostrils or nares).
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When we inhale air enters the body through
the nose via the nasal nares
Then passes trough the nasal cavity
This cavity is lined with mucous membranes
and fine hairs called cilia that filter out
foreign bodies and also warm and moisten the
air
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Nose
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nasal cavity
nasal septum
mucous membrane
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mucus
cilia
olfactory receptors
Upper respiratory contd:
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Pharynx (throat)
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After passing through the nasal cavity air
reaches the pharynx
A 5 inch muscular tube that extends from the
base of the skull to the esophagus
The airway that connects the mouth and nose
to the larynx
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Pharynx: Divided into three sections
Pharynx contd:
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Nasopharynx: nearest the nasal cavity and
contain adenoids (masses of lymphatic tissue)
If enlarged it can obstruct airway
Equalize pressure on both sides of the
tympanic membrane.
Pharynx Contd:
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Oropharynx: located behind the mouth
Muscular soft palate that contains the uvula
and tonsils.
Pharynx contd:
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Laryngopharynx: surrounds the opening of
the esophagus
Also known as the hypo pharynx
Serves as a common passageway for food
from the mouth and air from the nose
Divided into two branches larynx and
esophagus
Pharynx
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Nasopharynx
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oropharynx
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adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils
palatine tonsils
laryngopharynx
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larynx
Pharynx: Divided into three sections
Larynx: Voice box
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Covered by the epiglottis which is a small flap of
cartilage that is attached to the roof of the tongue
Connects the pharynx to the trachea (where air goes
down into the lungs)
Contains the vocal cords and is surrounded by nine
cartilages for support
Tension of the vocal cords determine the high or low
pitch of the voice
Lower Respiratory Tract:
Trachea: Wind pipe
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A 10 to 12 cm long tube
Extends into the chest
Serves as passageway for air into the bronchi
Kept open by 16 to 20 C shaped rings made of
cartilage
Some of the rings make up the thyroid
cartilage forming the Adams apple
Bronchi
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Trachea branches into two tubes called
bronchi
Bronchi = plural bronchus = singular
Right is primary (main) and shorter than the
left
Each bronchus enters the lung and subdivides
into smaller tubes
The smallest is called bronchioles
Bronchi contd:
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At the end of the bronchioles are clusters of
air sacs called alveoli
Alveoli = plural alveolus = singular
Each is lined with a layer of epithelium
This very thin wall permits the exchange of
gasses between the alveoli and the capillaries
Lungs:
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Located in the thoracic cavity
Right lung has three lobes
Left lung has two lobes
Oxygen passes from the lungs into the capillaries (
network of tiny blood vessels) that surround the
alveoli and distributes them to the cells
Carbon dioxide from the blood cells passes into the
lungs for removal
Lungs
Right-3 lobes
Left-2 lobes
trachea
Lungs contd:
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When oxygen is absorbed into the blood it
attaches to the hemoglobin and is released as
needed.
Each lung is covered by a membrane called
pleura
The outer layer (near the ribs) parietal pleura
The inner layer (closet to the lungs) visceral
pleura
Lungs contd:
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A serous fluid ( thin, watery lubricating fluid)
moistens the pleura
This facilitates movement between the pleuras
and prevent friction
Lungs extend from the collar bone to the
diaphragm
Lungs contd:
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Diaphragm: is a muscular partition that
separates the thoracic cavity from the
abdominal cavity
This muscles aids in the process of breathing
Breathing is the process of inhalation and
exhalation
Lungs contd:
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Inhalation: (inspiration) the diaphragm
contracts and descends causing enlargement
of the thoracic cavity area
This allows air to flow into the lungs to
equalize the pressure
Inhalation
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Breathing in
Body gets oxygen from the air
Rib muscles contract to pull ribs up and out
Diaphragm muscle contracts to pull down the
lungs
Tissue expands to force (pull) in air.
Lungs contd:
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Exhalation: (expiration) when the lungs are
full, the diaphragm relaxes and elevates
making the thoracic cavity smaller
This increases the air pressure in the thorax
Air is then expelled out of the lungs to
equalize the pressure
Exhalation
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Breathing out
Get rid of carbon dioxide
Rib muscles relax
Diaphragm muscle relaxes
Tissue returns to resting position and forces
(pushes) air out
http://users.tpg.com.au/users/amcgann/body/respiratory.html
Respiratory Root Words:
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Adenoid/o
Alveol/o
Atel/o
Bronch/o
Bronchi/o
Epiglott/o
Laryng/o
Nas/o, rhin/o
Adenoids
Alveolus, air sac
Imperfect, incomplete
Bronchus
Bronchial tubes
Epiglottis
Larynx
Nose
Root words contd:
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Ox/o, Ox/i
Pharyng/o
Pleur/o
Pneum/o
Pulmon/o
Spir/o
Thorac/o
Tonsill/o
Trache/o
oxygen
throat
Pleura
Lung, air
Lung
To breathe
Chest
Tonsils
Trachea
Respiratory Prefixes:
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An-, aEndoInterIntra-
Without, absent
Within
Between
Within
Respiratory suffixes:
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-ar, -ary
-capnia
-centesis
-ectasis
-gram
-graphy
-itis
Pertaining to
Carbon dioxide
Surgical puncture with
needle to aspirate fluid
Stretching or expansion
Record
Process of recording
Inflammation
Suffixes contd:
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-ostomy
-oxia
-pnea
-scope
-scopy
-stenosis
-thorax
creation of an artificial opening
oxygen
breathing
instrument used to examine
visual examination
narrowing or contracting
chest
Suffixes contd:
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-ptysis
-sphyxia
-osmia
spitting
pulse
smell
A few lung disorders:
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Lung abscess: a localized collection of pus in
a cavity formed by the disintegration of tissue
Asthma
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Spasm and narrowing of bronchi, leading to
bronchial airway obstruction
Bronchitis
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Inflammation of one or more bronchi
Coryza
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Profuse discharge from the mucous membrane
of the nose
Deviated septum
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Defect in the wall between the nostrils that
cause partial or complete obstruction
Epistaxis
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Hemorrhage from the nose; nose bleed
Hiatal hernia
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Protrusion of part of the stomach into the
chest through the esophageal hiatus defect of
the diaphragm
Pleural effusion
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Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which
compresses the underlying potion of the lung
causing dyspnea
Emphysema:
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Destruction of alveolar walls
Lung cancer
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Leading cause of cancer death for men and
women
Respiratory general terms
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Anoxia - without oxygen
Apnea- temporary cessation of breathing
Aphonia- absence of voice
Bifurcation- a division into two branches
Bronchospasm- sporadic contraction of the
bronchi muscle
Dysphonia- difficulty in speaking
Contd:
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Cyanosis- a bluish discoloration of skin and
mucous membranes due to insufficient
oxygen in the blood
Eupnea- normal breathing
Hemoptysis- coughing up of blood from the
lungs
Hyperventilation- increased rate and depth of
respiration
Contd:
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Hypoxia- insufficient oxygen
Orthopnea- difficult breathing except in
upright position
Rales, rhonchi- abnormal respiratory sound
heard on auscultation
Sputum- matter ejected from the trachea,
bronchi, and lungs through the mouth
Diagnostic and instruments used:
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Auscultation- listening to the lungs through a
stethoscope
Percussion- short sharp blows to the body
with the fingers
Bronchoscopy- lung examination using a
bronchoscope
Endotracheal catheter- an airway catheter
inserted into the trachea during surgery
Contd:
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Oximetry- measurement of the oxygen
saturation of arterial blood
Peak expiratory flow rate- measurement of
how fast a person can exhale using a small
hand held device
Medical procedures and tests:
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Blood gases- blood drawn to check oxygen,
carbon dioxide, and other gases in the blood
Bronchodilator- an agent used to dilate the
bronchi
CPR- cardiopulmonary resuscitation
IPPB- intermittent positive pressure breathing
Larngectomy- excision of the larynx
Contd:
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Lavage of sinuses- the irrigation or washing
out of sinuses
Lobectomy- excision of a lobe of the lung
Mantoux- TB skin test
PPD- purified protein derivative (TB test)
Pulmonary function- test to assess ventilator
status
Contd:
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Rhinoplasty- plastic surgery of the nose
Scan- an image or picture produced using
radioactive isotopes
Thoracentesis- surgical puncture of the chest
wall into the parietal cavity to remove fluid
Tracheotomy- incision of the trachea through
the skin and muscles of the neck
Bronchoscopy
Tracheotomy
The End!