Transcript The Cardiovascular System

Blood and Circulation
Ch 7 and 8
Circulatory System
n Mechanism for moving blood
nBlood the medium of transfer
Blood Transports
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Components of blood
n
Plasma 55%
q
q
q
q
n
albumin, osmotic balance
globulins, immune and transport
fibrinogens, blood clotting
other dissolved substances
Blood cells 45%
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Know the proportions, serum is 8% something else, know
what?
Blood functions
n
n
n
n
Transportation
Regulation
Defense
4-6 liters depending on size roughly 8% of body
mass
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Fig 7.5
The Formed elements come from
stem cells
Formed elements to know
n
n
Platelets
Leukocytes (WBC)
q
q
q
n
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
n
Define Granulocyte
n
Define agranulocytes
Agranulocytes
q
q
q
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Erythrocytes
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leukocytotaxia
Oxygen transport in the blood
n
n
n
n
n
Hemoglobin is the oxygen carrier
Oxygen released at low pH and low oxygen
content and heat
Oxygen binding preferred with neutral pH, high
oxygen content and cool conditions
Oxyhemoblobin is bright red
Only a little oxygen is carried in the serum
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Red Blood cell production
n
n
n
n
n
Erythropoietin made in the kidneys is a stimulus for
stem cell division
Red blood cells live for 120 days
Red blood cells are produced in the marrow of
hollow bones
Most parts of old blood cells are reused, bilirubin is
excreted in the feces
Count: 5million per microliter
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What type of regulation
is this?
The relation of blood to oxygen
carrying capacity
n
n
n
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n
Hematocrit: amount of blood volume taken up by
cells
43-49% males
37-43% females
Anemia
Leukemia
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Blood typing
n
Surfaces of our cells identify us as “self”
ABO system
Rh system (ok only once)
Over 400 other antigens exist
n
See tutorial
n
n
n
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Agglutinate
Other problems with blood type
n
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Hemostasis
n
n
n
Vascular spasms constrict blood vessels to reduce
blood flow.
Platelets stick together to seal a ruptured vessel
Blood clot forms around the platelet plug
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Problems with blood
n
n
n
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n
Hemophilia
Leukemia
Blood poisoning
Reduction of blood cell population
Increase of blood cell population
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Anemias or too little oxygen
n
n
n
n
Lack of RBC
lack of iron
lack of vitamin B12
congenital disorder
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The Cardiovascular System
Heart
&
Blood Vessels
Cardiovascular system components
n
Blood
q
n
Heart
q
n
liquid medium of transport
pump that generates pressure
Blood vessels
q
distribution tubes of varying diameters
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Things to know. Heart, Aorta, vena cava, pulmonary
veins/arteries. Coronary arteries
Know the basic
sequence of how
the blood flows
Just like we went through the structure of the intestines, know the
structure of veins and arteries
This is the same as figure 8.4 be able to describe this figure and
explain what it is showing?
Veins return blood from the
capillaries to the heart
n
n
n
n
n
Consist of 3 layers like arteries but are much weaker
The lumens are larger
Blood flows slower
Have valves
Muscles help move blood through the veins
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Layers of a blood vessel
n
n
n
n
Endothelium- thin inner layer of epithelial
Thick middle layer of smooth muscle
Outermost layer of connective tissue provides
strength
An aneurysm is a blowing outward of the artery
wall
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Capillaries:
n
n
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Where blood exchanges substances with tissue
Every living cell is near one capillary
Walls are a single layer of epithelial tissue
Substances move from a high to a low
concentration
Cell wall is very porous
Liquid movement is very slow
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Know the Hearts
location and its
relation with its
neighbors. What
does the
pericardium do?
Circulation routs
n
Pulmonary (right side)
Systemic (left side)
n
Be able to follow the flow of a drop of blood
n
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Another example
of blood
circulation
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Structure of the Heart
n
n
n
n
Cardiac muscle
(myocardium)
pericardium: tough fibrous
sack
endocardium: smooth
lining of connective tissue
2 halves
q
q
n
Valves
q
q
n
AV
semilunar
coronary arteries
q
branch off the aorta and
provide the heart with blood.
atrium
ventricle
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Heartbeat: The cardiac cycle
n
Contraction: systole
Relaxation: Diastole
n
The heart sounds
n
q
q
lub closing of AV valves
dub closing of semilunar valves
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Same as fig 8.11
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Cardiac Conduction System Coordinat
Contraction
n
n
n
SA node: cardiac pacemaker
AV node: relay impulse
AV bundle and Purkinje
fibers: carry impulse to
ventricles
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Figure 8.13
Mechanisms of heart contraction
n
n
n
n
The cardiac conduction system is self excitatory
Sinoartial node is the cardiac pacemaker
Atrioventricular node stimulated by SA node
Purkinje fibers
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Other control (nervous)
n
Sympathetic
q
n
Parasympathetic
q
n
increase heart rate
decrease
Centers for nervous control lie in spinal cord and
brain (medulla oblongata)
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Arteries Transport Blood from Heart
to body Tissues
n
n
n
n
The further from the heart the smaller the vessels
Largest aorta 2.5cm
Arterioles 0.3mm or less
Purpose
q
q
q
move blood
store fluid
maintain pressure
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Control of capillary bed exchange
n
Precapillary sphincter
n
n
n
volume in the capillaries
Prevents blood flow to a
certain capillary bed within
an organ or tissue
While the individual
diameter of a capillary is
small, the thousands in the
body represent a very large
volume
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Arthrosclerosis
n
n
n
n
n
n
Build up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of
arteries
Key factor in many cardiovascular diseases
Cholesterol
optimal below 200
borderline 200-239
high 240 or higher
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The Lymphatic system
The Lymphatic system
n
n
Fluids, vessels and tissues
Purpose
q
q
q
Return excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream
Transport products of fat digestion from the small
intestine to the bloodstream
Help defend against disease causing organisms
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