Transcript Tetrapods
Vertebrates The Origin of Tetrapods The first vertebrates on land were amphibians in the Devonian (400 mya) May have arose from the rhipidistian (features). Arose in coastal or brackish marine environment Origin of Tetrapods Origin of Tetrapods Tetrapods Advantages of Terrestriality • An increase in metabolism and development due to higher body temperature. • Energy – An increase of 10 degrees Celsius (from 20 degrees (water temp) to 30 degrees (air temp) would allow for a doubling of their metabolic rates Tetrapods Lungs – To breath air, it required an increased vascularization of the air-filled cavity (a pouch from the posterior pharynx similar to the swim bladder), with a rich capillary network to form a lung. Tetrapods Double circulatory system • Fish have a single circuit system – low blood pressure • The double circulation system allows for higher pressure with one circuit going to the lungs and another going to the body. Tetrapods Nasal Openings • • Bony fish have 4 external nares (2 on each side) which allows water to run across the olfactory tissue. Tetrapods have two external and two internal nares in the palate. This allows air to be drawn in through the nose. Tetrapods – General Characteristics Body Density - Limbs Air is 1000 times less buoyant then water • counter the effects of gravity • homologous structures (bones – humerus, ulna and radius). Tetrapods – General Characteristics Body Density - Girdles – • In fish, the pectoral girdle is attached to the skull. • Early tetrapods developed a stronger shoulder girdle, bulky limb bones and well developed muscles. • The pelvic girdle is fused to the backbone to increase the force that can be generated by the hind legs. Tetrapods – General Characteristics Body Density Vertebrae and Ribs – • Vertebrae have developed zygapophyses. • The development of ribs can also protect the lungs. Tetrapods – General Characteristics Body Density - Skull and Neck • • • The skull has been shortened and the snout elongated. The head becomes separated from the body by a neck (a cervical vertebrae) that allows the head to be lifted. A second vertebrae was then added to allow for a side to side movement. Tetrapods – Evolutionary History 1. Fish Tetrapods – Evolutionary History “Fishapod” – Tiktaalik (375 mya) A fish with tetrapod features, this animal probably could not walk on land but could lift itself out of the water. 1. 2. Fish Characteristics – Scales – Fins – Gills and lungs Tetrapod Characteristics – Neck – Ribs – Fin skeleton – Flat skull – Eyes on top of skull Classification Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Gnathostomata Class: Amphibia – Order: Urodela (Salamanders) – Order: Anurans (Frogs and Toads) – Order: Apodans (Caecilians) Class: Amphibia Two lives – refers to metamorphosis of many frogs Skin smooth, moist (cutaneous respiration), and glandular (toxins) Three chambered heart with a double circulation system Mesolecithal eggs with jelly-like membrane Order: Urodela 400 species Salamanders Retain their tail as adults Limbs are at right angles to the body Carnivorous Order: Anurans 3500 species Frogs and Toads Lose their tail as adults Hind limbs are adapted for jumping Tongue connected to front of mouth Secrete mucus Order: Apodans 150 species Caecilians Legless and blind Evolution of the Amniotic Egg Allows animals to complete their entire life cycle on land Has shell that retains water (or is lost when kept inside mammals) Specialized extraembryonic membranes (not part of the animal) Evolution of the Amniotic Egg Amnion - Protects from dehydration and mechanical shock Yolk Sac - Nutrient storage Albumin - Nutrient storage Allantois - stores waste, gas exchange Chorion - gas exchange Amniotes Amniotes How Reptiles differ from Amphibians Tough, dry skin Amniotic egg Crushing or gripping jaws Copulatory organs More efficient circulatory system with a higher blood pressure More developed lungs (thoracic breathing) Better water conservation Better body support and limbs Better nervous system Classification Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Gnathostomata Class: Reptilia (not real) – Class: Testudines (Turtles and Tortoises) – Class: Spenodontia (Tuataras) – Class: Squamata (Lizards and Snakes) – Class: Crocodilia (Crocodiles and Alligators) Reptile Radiation Synapsids (therapsids) - led to mammals Sauropsids – Anapsids??? (turtles) – Diapsids (all others) Class: Testudines (Chelonia) Evolved on land and returned to water (lay eggs on land) Protective Shell – Carapace – Plastron Class: Sphenodontia Tuataras – Two living species (New Zealand) – Not a True Lizard (no external ears) – Very Primitive (similar to mesozoic reptiles – Well developed eye below skin? Class: Squamata Lizards – geckos, iguanas, skinks, chameleons terrestrial, burrowing, aquatic, arboreal moveable eyelids Paired copulatory organs Lower jaw not attached to skull Class: Squamata Class: Squamata Class: Squamata Class: Squamata Class: Squamata Snakes Lack limbs Lack moveable eyelids Jacobson’s organ Pit Vipers (heat) Venom – neurotoxins – hemolytic enzymes Class: Squamata Class: Squamata Class: Squamata Class: Squamata Feeding Adaptations Teeth curved and pointed inward Hinged Quadrate bone Bones of jaw are attached by muscles and ligaments Moveable palate Elastic skin No sternum Largest living reptiles Most closely related to dinosaurs Complete secondary palate Four chambered heart Nest temperature Class: Crocodilia Dinosaurs and Pterosaurs Dinosaurs – Ornithischian – Saurischian (closely related to birds) Pterosaurs – flying reptiles Class: Aves Class: Aves Feathers Hollow Bones Wings Endotherm Organs reduced Beak without teeth No bladder Class: Aves Wishbone – Called a Furcula made up of the fused clavicles. Class: Aves Muscles – – Pectoralis muscle pulls wing down – Supracoracoideus raises wing The Origin of Birds Feathers Beak with teeth Long Tail Wing with claw The Origin of Birds Sinoauropteryx protofeathers? Caudipteryx - true feathers Bird Classification 8600 species of bird (28 orders) – 60% are passeriformes (perching birds) Two major Types – Ratites Ostriches, – Carinates Song birds Emus Class: Mammalia Hair Endothermic Mammary glands Live birth (2 exceptions) Teeth differentiation Jaw modified to incorporate bones into inner ear The Evolution of the Mammal Reptile’s lower jaw made up of several bones Reptile’s middle ear made up of one bone Mammal’s lower jaw made up of one bone Mammal’s jaw joint has shifted Mammal’s middle ear made up of three bones Mammal Classification Monotremes – lay eggs – no nipples Monotreme Mammal Classification Marsupials – born early – develops in pouch Marsupials Marsupials Mammal Classification Placentals – Eutherian mammals – development in uterus joined by placenta Proboscidea Sirenia Edentata Rodentia Lagomorpha Carnivora Artiodactyla Cetacea Perissodactyla Chiroptera Insectivora Primate Evolution Ancestral primate (arboreal) (65 mya) – binocular vision – opposable thumb Prosimians – lemurs, tarsiers pottos Primate Evolution Ancestral primate (arboreal) (47 mya) – binocular vision – opposable thumb “Ida” – Missing Link – – – – – No claws Lack a tooth comb Short limbs Short face Talus – corner of leg/foot Primate Evolution Anthropoids (50 mya) – Monkeys Old World – External nares close together – Opposable thumbs – Calloused ischial tuberosities Primate Evolution Anthropoids (50 mya) – Monkeys New World – Broad flat nasal septum – Nonopposable thumb – Prehensile tail Primate Evolution Hominoids (30 mya) – apes Human Evolution Brain Size Jaw Size Bipedalism Reduced Size difference in sexes Family Structure Human Evolution Sahelanthropus (6.5 million years ago) Human Evolution Laetoli Footprints (3.5 million years ago) Human Evolution Australopithecus (3.24 million years ago) Primate Evolution Homo genus (2.4-1.6 mya) – Homo sapiens (200,000 years ago) Primate Evolution Neanderthals (40,000 years old) Human Evolution Turkana Boy (Homo ergaster) (1.7 million years ago) Between H. habilis and H. erectus Origin of Modern Humans Out of Africa (monogeneus) – all races of humans evolved from an ancestor in Africa Multiregional – Each race evolved from regional populations of Homo erectus