Transcript Chap.19 The Respiratory, Circulatory, and Digestive systems

The Respiratory, Circulatory, and Digestive
systems
鄭先祐(Ayo) 製作
Life Science 2010
The various ways species get oxygen
Fig. 19.1 skin breathing in the
sea anemone.
Fig. 19.2 The external gill in
Necturus, the mud puppy.
皮膚很薄，直接滲透。
外鰓突出。
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運用countercurrent flow方式
Fig. 19.3 The gill structure
a bony fish.
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逆流循環：水流和血液流動，兩者方向剛好相反。如此可以帶走最
大量的水中氧氣。
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Respiration of insects
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Tracheal system
The openings to the system are called
spiracles (Fig. 19.4)
oxygen enters the tracheal system,
move through the tracheae deep into
the body tissue.
No cell lies far from an oxygen source.
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Fig. 19.4 The respiratory
system of an insect.
The vast tracheal system in
insects reaches all cells. It
thus carries on a more-orless direct exchange without
the involvement of the
circulatory system.
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Human Respiratory Structures
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Nose (鼻)
Pharynx (咽喉)
Trachea (氣管)
Bronchi (支氣管)
Bronchioles (微氣管)
Alveoli (肺泡)
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Fig. 19.5 上半 The human
respiratory system.
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支氣管
肺泡
Fig. 19.5 下半 The human respiratory system.
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吸氣
吐氣
Flattening of
diaphragm and rib
elevation
Diaphragm and ribs
return to normal
positions
Fig. 19.6 Breathing in humans occurs as the diaphragm contracts
and flattens, and the ribs rise, causing the lings to fill with air.
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Fig. 19.7 The primary
respiratory control center is
located in the medulla and pons
of the brain. The medulla is
very sensitive to carbon dioxide
levels, but it also receives input
from sensory receptors in the
carotid arteries.
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Essay 19.1
The joy of smoking
A person aged 25 who
smokes two packs of
cigarettes a day will live
about 8.5 years less than
a nonsmoker.
 If you quit in time, the
damage is largely
reversible.
 The bottom line is simple:
if you smoke, quit.
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Circulation in animals
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Fig. 19.8
open circularoty
system, blood is
pumped trough
vessels to open
sinuses, through
which it gradually
makes a return to the
heart.
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The closed circulatory system
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Fig. 19.9
earthworm.
The blood
remains enclosed
in vessels, thus
the system is
"closed".
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The incredible bloodbrain barrier
Essay19.2
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Physicians can't treat many brain
diseases because the brain won't allow
their medicines in.
The nicotine, cocaine and alcohol is
allowed in, but the medicine isn't.
Why?
脂溶性，或是水溶性？
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The human vessels
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A heart pumps blood into large arteries,
which branch into smaller arterioles,
and finally into capillaries.
Then through venules into veins, and
return to the heart.
In humans, the length of the entire
system is estimated to be between
50,000 and 60,000 miles, 70 percent of
which is capillaries.
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Fig. 19.10 The major
blood vessels of the
human body.
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Blood pressure
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The sudden
swell of blood
during systole
expands the
aorta.
During diastole,
blood pressure
remains high
because of the
force of the
aorta on the
remaining
blood in the
vessel.
Fig. 19.11
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Blood
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Blood cells and plasma
erythrocytes
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red blood cell
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hemoglobin
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live about 120days in human
leukocytes
lymphocytes
platelets
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兩生類
鳥類與哺乳類
魚類
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Fig. 19.14
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Fig. 19.14
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Blood enters right
atrium from superior
and inferior venae
cavae. Blood enters
left atrium from
pulmonary veins.
Atria contract
together; blood
enters right and
left ventricles
through valves
Right ventricle pumps
blood to lungs via
pulmonary arteries.
Left ventricle pumps
blood to blood via
aorta.
Fig. 19.14
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SA node
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Fig. 19.15
As the SA node
initiates an
impulse that
immediately is
fired to the AV
node, which
sends impulses to
the ventricles
along the bundle
of His to Purkinje
fibers, causing the
powerful muscles
to contract in a
specific sequence.
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Essay 19.3 Heart attack
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Heart attack, it is the result of a
blockage of the arteries that
feed the heart.
When such an artery is blocked,
the oxygen-starved muscles of
the heart begin to die.
Atherosclerosis is the result of the buildup in blood vessels of a
number of substances, such as fat, fibrin, and calcium. These
substances reduce the elasticity of the vessel, and raise blood
pressure.
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Essay 19.4 CPR
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CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is
a critical lifesaving technique.
1. Check for unconsciousness and lack of
pulse. Call or send for help. Roll the
victim onto his back.
2. Open the airway by lifting the neck
and tilting the chin upward.
3. Check for breathing by holding your
ear close to the victim's mouth, so you
can hear or feel the breathing.
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CPR
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4. If there is no breathing, pinch the victim's
nose and press your open mouth against his.
Breathe rapidly into his mouth four times
without allowing the victim to exhale
completely after each ventilation.
5. If the victim begins breathing and has a
pulse, discontinue rescue breathing. If
breathing and pulse are absent, begin chest
compression.
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6. Kneel beside the victim. Find a spot two
finger-widths above the tip of the breastbone.
Put the heel of one hand over the other and
place them on this spot.
7. Thrust down, depressing the breast-bone
about an inch and a half. Thrust rhythmically
15 times, about once a second.
8. Lean over quickly, breathe twice into the
victim's mouth (as in step 4).
9. Repeat the cycle of 15 compressions and 2
breaths until help arrives. Check periodically
for pulse. Stop chest compressions if pulse or
breathing resumes.
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Fig. 19.16 The human
Lymphatic System
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Fig. 19.16 Lymph node
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Lymph nodes
tend to swell
and become
sore if they are
involved in
fighting and
infection near
them.
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Fig. 19.17 (a)
digestive
systems of
sponge, food
is trapped in
microvilli in
the collar cells
and taken in
by
phagocytosis.
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Fig. 19.17 (b)
Digestive
systems of hydra.
Food is partly
digested outside
the cells of the
gut, then
brought inside
the cells where
the process is
completed.
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Fig. 19.17 (c) earthworm has a complete
digestive tract, with an entrance and an exit.
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Fig. 19.18 The
human digestive
system.
Mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small
intestine, Large
intestine
accessory organs
 liver,
 gallbladder,
 pancreas
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Essay 19.5
Heimlich maneuver
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The openings of the
trachea and esophagus
are closed together.
Food go down wrong into
the air passages.
通常可以咳出，但嚴重的
會造成無法呼吸。
More than eight Americans
die this way each day.
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Heimlich maneuver
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1. Stand behind the victim.
2. Wrap your arms around
the waist.
3. Make a fist (拳頭) with
one hand, knuckle(指關節)
directed upward and
inward against the victim.
4. Place the knuckles
between the rib cage and
the navel(肚臍).
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Heimlich maneuver
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5. Cup the other hand over the fist(拳頭).
6. Quickly press inward and upward
against the victim's abdomen.
7. Repeat if necessary.
8. Get the victim to a doctor as soon as
possible because the procedure can
break the sternum(胸骨), or a rib(肋骨).
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Fig. 19.19 The human digestive system. (a) the
stomach.
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Fig. 19.19 The human digestive system (b) small and
large intestine.
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Essay 19.6 But weight！
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About 5,100萬美國人 are regarded as
overweight.
許多人盡力在減肥，但九成減肥者都會
regained weight.
Long-term weight losss involves a
combination of moderate dieting and
moderate exercise, both of which usually
involve some behavior modification.
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Anorexia (厭食症)
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Anorexia is most commonly found in
women in their teens and early twenties,
a time that psychologists tell us is often
marked by self-doubt and feelings of
insecurity.
Their greatest fear may be of being fat
and hungry, and so they diet, and often
exercise, obsessively (胡思亂想).
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Bulimia (暴食症)
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Bulimia refers to "eating like an ox",
sometimes taking in twenty times the
calories of a normal diet.
Then the person vomits(嘔吐), or takes a
laxative(瀉藥) to rid themselves of the food,
both of which can be damaging.
Both bulimia and anorexia can be difficult to
treat, and long-term psychotherapy may be
required.
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Lose fat
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A discovery in 1995 is
being regarded as a
"breakthrough" in
weight loss; a hormone,
called leptin, that
makes animals--even
thin ones--lose body fat.
但仍需幾年的人體測試，
才能上市。
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An ethical concern
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Blood doping involved withdrawing blood
and storing it until the body replenished its
red blood cell count, then returning the
stored blood to the body, thus artificially
elevating the red blood cell count.
Athlete sometimes do this to increase their
endurance, although it is illegal.
Do you think it is fair to punish those who
get caught?
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 問題與討論！
[email protected]
Ayo NUTN website:
http://myweb.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/
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