Transcript Biology Objective 3

Answer Quiz Questions on the back of your Objective 4
Packet
1. In which biome would you find a polar
bear? A buffalo? A tree frog?
2. Which two body systems are most
involved in distributing oxygen to your
cells?
3. Mistletoe taking nutrients from a tree is
an example of which type of symbiotic
relationship?
Biology Objective 3
Demonstrate an understanding of the
interdependence of organisms and the
environment.
Biomes
Identified by biotic and abiotic factors
• Biotic – what kinds of plants and animals live in it.
• Abiotic – Nonliving characteristics such as soil
type, rainfall amounts, and average temperature
cycles.
A scientist has hypothesized that the
existence of life on Mars is likely because
Mars’s atmosphere is 95% carbon dioxide.
36 Which question is valid in testing this hypothesis?
F Do most other scientists agree with the hypothesis?
G Could abiotic processes account for the carbon dioxide?
H What is the percent of argon compared to carbon dioxide
in the Martian atmosphere?
J Have the scientist’s other predictions about Mars been
validated?
36 Which question is valid in
testing this hypothesis?
F Do most other scientists
agree with the hypothesis?
G Could abiotic processes
account for the carbon
dioxide?
H What is the percent of
argon compared to carbon
dioxide in the Martian
atmosphere?
J Have the scientist’s other
predictions about Mars
been validated?
When testing an hypothesis,
there should be only one
variable changed at a time. If
this is not possible, then all
possible reasons for an
outcome need to be
considered. In this case,
carbon dioxide can be
produced by chemical
reactions other than cellular
respiration, which is a biotic
process. That is why answer
G is the best answer.
Temperate Desert
Forest
Name
Tundra
Grasslands
the
Biome
Tropical
Taiga
Rainforest
What are they referring to?
• Biosphere – The entire
area of the planet that
supports life.
• Biome – An area defined
by specific abiotic and
biotic factors.
• Community – The groups
of living things in an area
and how they relate.
What is extinction and what causes it?
• A population is extinct when the last of that species is
dead.
• Example: There are no more dinosaurs.
• What happened? Their habitat was destroyed. When
they no longer have what they need to live, they die.
Ecology – The study of the
relationships among living things
• Symbiosis is a close relationship between
two living things.
• When both are helped it is called mutualism
• When one is helped and there is no effect on
the other it is called commensulism
• When one is helped and the other is harmed
it is called parasitism
Mutualism . . .
Sharks are cleaned by
a little fish known
as a Remora. The
shark never eats
them since they
clean bacteria off of
the shark. Since
both species are
helped, this is
mutualism.
Commensulism . . .
Orchids live high
in tree-tops on
the branches of
large trees. They
do not harm the
tree, but they are
helped by being
raised up into the
sunshine and
receiving water.
Parasites . . .
Parasites harm or
kill the host. A
good example is
a tape worm. It
intercepts all of
the host’s food,
causing the host
to starve to death.
35 Clown fish are small reef fish that seek protection
from predators by sheltering themselves among the
stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Clown fish are
very territorial and can potentially scare off
predators of sea anemones. This relationship is an
example of -A neutralism This is not a type of symbiosis Incorrect
Since both are helped, it
B mutualism
is of mutual benefit or
C parasitism Neither is harmed so this is incorrect
D commensalism
Means only one is being helped and the relationship
has no effect on the other – also incorrect
What is helped?
Both the ants and the tree.
This is the definition of:
All energy on the earth comes
from the sun.
18 Energy used
byby
producers
in a
Used
producers
grassland food web is provided byF sunlight
This is a process, not
an energy source.
G photosynthesis
H and J are elements
which are types of
matter, not energy.
H oxygen
J carbon dioxide
So our answer should
be:
F
Energy Diagrams
At one end of the diagram are plants.
They are called producers since they
are capable of turning sunlight into
food by photosynthesis. They pass
10% of the energy they absorb to
animals that eat them.
Consumers
1st Order Consumers eat
only plants and are also
called herbivores.
2nd Order Consumers eat
only animals and are
called carnivores.
3rd Order Consumers
animals that eat other
animals, they are also
known as carnivores
10% Energy Rule –
Only 10% of the energy moves up to
the next trophic level.
Decomposers
If we apply the 10% rule, 10% of
43 Approximately how much
the 1000 kcal of the plant is
of the energy available in the
consumed or 100 kcal, and 10%
tissues of the producer is
of that is 10 kcal which is 1% of
eventually incorporated into
the original 1000kcal, but only 3
the tissues of a secondary
kcal is available to the tissues so
consumer?
it is A.
A Less than 1%
B Between 20% and 30%
C Approximately 50%
D More than 50%
Food Chain – One of many
feeding relationships in a
community
• Arrows in a food chain
show the direction of
energy flow.
• This is not the only
feeding relationship
for these organisms.
• When several or all of
the food relationships
are shown it’s a . . .
Food Web
Food Webs
• Food webs attempt to show all the feeding
relationships in a community.
• The direction of the arrows shows the
direction of energy flow.
• At the bottom of every web and every chain
is a plant. These are the only things that can
turn sunshine into food.
Since the Gulls are at the
top of the food web, they
would have the highest
accumulation of everything
but energy.
37 Which of these groups of
organisms would most likely
have accumulated the largest
concentration of a long-lasting
chemical pollutant in their
bodies?
A Phytoplankton
B Zooplankton
C Lake trout
D Gulls
• Prey are the animals
that are eaten as a food
source for the . . .
• Predator This is the
hunter animal. The
population of the
predator must be less
than the prey or they
do not have enough
food.
Population (100s)
Predator and Prey
Time (months)
Prey
Predator
Population (100s)
Carrying Capacity
Time (months)
P rey
P redat or
• This is the maximum number of a specific
population that an area can support with enough
food and living requirements. It is shown by a
line on population graphs for a specific species.
2 Because of this animal’s adaptations, it
would be most successful at —
F competing with
birds
G making its own
food
H hiding from
predators
J running very
rapidly
And the answer is?
• H hiding from predators.
• Its not a plant, so it can’t
make food.
• It has no wings, so it can
not compete with birds.
• Although it has long
legs, it doesn’t seem
balanced for running.
To increase the predator
population you could do what?
24 Which of the following is most likely
to cause increases in a predator
population?
F Fewer prey Reduces available food – Nope!
G A reduction in competition
Less predators, they
H More parasites would
Less
and prey,
bepredators
sick or dying!
J A period of drought they’d be gone looking for
water!
39 Wolves and hawks are at the same Trophic
trophic level
level
because they —
Means 1st ,
A both live on land
2nd or 3rd
B are both large mammals
Order
C both eat primary consumers
Consumer
D have similar hunting patterns
Water Cycle
• Precipitation (rain
and snow) fall on
plants and ground.
• Plants respire and
evaporate water
back into clouds.
• The ground filters
the water run-off
into the lakes
where it
evaporates again.
21 The diagram
shows physical
changes that
occur in the water
cycle. Which of
these shows
condensation?
A Q Precipitation
B R Run Off of
ground water
C S Evaporation
DT
Carbon Cycle
• Glucose C6H12O6 is
produced by plants,
eaten by animals.
Photosynthesis
• Animals and plants
exhale CO2 which is
taken in by plants to
make glucose
Cellular Respiration
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Rock Cycle
Man’s Effects on the Environment
• Ozone O3 is a protective layer at the top of the
atmosphere.
• However, when it occurs near the ground, it is
very harmful to all living things, it is SMOG
Man’s Effects on the Environment
• More than 90% of
fresh water is locked
in ice at the polar
caps and in glaciers.
• Much of the fresh
water is polluted by
land run-off, dumping
of wastes and excess
heat directly into
lakes, oceans and
rivers.
Man’s Effects on the Environment
Global warming, also
called the Greenhouse
Effect is caused by
excess burning of fossil
fuels and destruction of
our oxygen producing
protista in the oceans,
and deforestation on
land. Less plants
means less oxygen and
more CO2.
54 Which of these activities can help
conserve natural resources?
What is the phrase for ecology?
F Recycling cardboard
boxes
G Washing small loads of
laundry
H Driving large cars
J Building wooden fences
Yes! Recycle!
Not saving water!
Wasting fuel!
Cutting down trees
that give oxygen and
clean air!
Biological Organization begins
with cells . . .
• Cells which work together form
tissues
• Tissues that are layered form organs
And .. . . .
• Organs that work
together form an
ORGAN
SYSTEM
• Organ systems
work together to
maintain
homeostasis for
the organism
Homeostasis
• This is the maintenance of the normal
operating conditions of an organism.
• Control of body temperature, pulse rate,
blood pressure, blood sugar, urine
output, digestive absorption, metabolism
rate, growth rate and hormone levels all
need to be maintained.
Structural System - 1
• Bones are to
– Support &
structure
– Make blood cells
– Allow movement
– Muscle
attachments
– Ligaments hold
joints together
Structural System – 2
• 3 types of muscles
– Smooth, involuntary
– Striated, voluntary
– Cardiac, heart muscle
somewhat like both
above
• Allow for movement
• Attached by tendons
above and below joints
17 Which structure
in the upper arm is
responsible for
raising the lower
arm?
A1
B2
C3
D4
In order to raise it, it must be attached, so its not 1
or 2.
4 is a bone not a muscle, so its answer:
Nervous System - 1
Consists of brain and
spinal chord
Voluntary, you control
and choose
Involuntary, allows parts
to keep functioning
without you knowing
Nerve cells send and
receive information . .
Nervous System - 2 Nerve cells have 3
parts
– Axon – Sends
signal
– Cell Body –
controls cell
functions
– Dendrite –
Receives signal
from another
– Synapse – space
between cells
Nervous System - 3
• Involuntary is
controlled by the
medulla oblongata of
the brain.
• This is how you keep
breathing while
sleeping and digest
food without thinking
about it.
Nervous System - 4
• Voluntary control is
over things you can
choose to change
• Reflexes are
involuntary
movements of
voluntary muscles
• All of your senses . . .
Nervous System - 5
• Are part of the
voluntary nervous
system.
• We receive input and
process information
• We decide to act or
not to act, move or
not, remember or not
Endocrine System
• Chemical messages sent through the blood
• Slow change and response compared to
nervous system
• Long term maintenance or scheduling in
the organism such as mating patterns
• Chemicals, hormones and enzymes are
released from glands as chemical messages
Digestive System – 1
• This is how we intake
all the vitamins,
minerals, protein,
lipids, carbohydrates
and water we need.
• Mechanical Digestion
begins in the mouth,
it is grinding and
breaking food up
Digestive System – 2
•
•
•
•
Saliva has enzymes that begin
digestion of carbohydrates
The mouth connects to the
esophagus, then to the stomach,
which churns the food with acid to
help break it up
The stomach dumps into the small
intestine where 90% of digestion
takes place.
Enzymes from the pancreas and
bile from the liver and gall bladder
break down the food into useable
parts.
Digestive System – 3
• Absorption of the
amino acids to make
proteins, glycol and
fatty acids to make
lipids occur in the
small intestine
• Water is reabsorbed
in the large intestine
which stores solid
waste
48 Which system is responsible for producing
enzymes that aid in breaking down substances
to be absorbed for the body’s growth and repair?
F Digestive system
Look for what is
G Reproductive system
happening: ‘breaking
down for absorption’
H Respiratory system
That is digestion!
J Skeletal system
Answer?
Respiratory System - 1
Nose
Sinus
Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lungs
Bronchi
Respiratory System - 2
• The diaphragm contracts, expanding the chest to
fill the lungs with air, rich in O2.
• Lungs are full of little sacs called alveoli, which
have lots of blood vessels with high levels of
CO2.
• Oxygen diffuses in, carbon dioxide diffuses out,
and the diaphragm relaxes causing you to exhale.
• Air is filtered, warmed and moistened in the nose,
mouth and pharynx.
This
system is
responsible for cleaning
the blood and getting rid
of liquid wastes.
Excretory System
The
kidneys, located
near the lower back, are
the primary filters, taking
out excess water and
wastes.
Ureter tubes connect
the kidneys to the
bladder, which stores
urine until it is passed out
through the urethra.

16 A portion of the human excretory system
is represented in the diagram. The order in
which urine flows through the system is —
F urethra  bladder  urethra
 kidney
G ureter  kidney  bladder
 urethra
H kidney  ureter  bladder
 urethra
J bladder  urethra  kidney
 ureter
Name the organs in
order, they are:
Kidney
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
So it is answer
H
Circulatory System - 1
This
system helps to
connect many other systems
as it provides the transport of
substances from one organ to
another.
Every
cell must touch a
blood vessel to take in what
it needs and get rid of waste.
Arteries
carry blood away
from the heart and veins
carry it back to the heart.
The
heart pumps the blood
Circulatory System - 2
• The top parts of the heart
receive blood – Atrium
• The bottom two are very
muscular and pump the
blood – Ventricles
• Two contractions, right
ventricle pumps to the
lungs, and the left
ventricle pumps to the
body and brain.
29 Nutrients from digested food move from
the digestive system directly into the —
A circulatory
system
B integumentary
system
C excretory
system
D endocrine
system
Endocine system
does not
transport
anything. So . . .
Excretory system
gets rid of waste
CO2 and H2O,
not food. So . .
Integumentary
system holds
organs and
The Circulatory
tissues in place. System carries
So. . .
everything to every
25 The medulla, part of the
brain stem, reacts quickly
to increased levels of CO2
in the blood and
stimulates a response
from the —
A excretory system
B immune system
C respiratory system
D integumentary system
Increased respiration gets rid of excess CO2
Immune System - 1
• Your immune system
protects you from
infections and illness
• Your first line of
defense is mucus,
hair, and skin
• It protects you in a
general way
nonspecific
Immune Responses
• 1st Order Non-specific includes swelling,
inflammation, and fever.
• 2nd Order includes histamine release, white
blood cells such as phagocytes and
macrophages destroying the pathogens and
infected tissue cells.
• Two main types of
immunity
• Natural – you got
sick, and now your
body recognizes it.
This is permanent.
• Acquired–
vaccination or
immunization shot
this is temporary
Immune System - 2
6 Most viruses infect a specific kind of cell.
Which of the following are infected by the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
F Helper T cells
G Liver cells
H GABA-receptor cells
J Red blood cells
Ask yourself, which cell type deals
with immunity?
F Helper T cells • Answer? Helper
T cells.
G Liver cells
• All the rest are
H GABAbody cells with
receptor cells
specific jobs that
J Red blood cells do not relate to
immunity.