Transcript bird reptile - Closter Public Schools

Chapter 13
Vertebrate Animals
Chapter 13.1
Vertebrates are animals with endoskeletons.
Phylum = Chordata
1. Vertebrate animals have backbones.
About five percent of all animals are vertebrates.
They are distinguished from other animals by an endoskeleton.
Specialized bones called vertebrae form the backbone of these animals.
 How many vertebrae do humans have? 33
2. Most vertebrates are fish.
• Fish are the most diverse group of vertebrates.
They are adapted to life in water.
• Fish breathe through gills.
Most fish have a swim bladder that allows the fish to adjust the depth
at which it floats. fish with swim bladder problem
•A lateral line is a sensory organ that allows the fish to sense objects
and other organisms that are nearby.
3. Fish can be classified in three groups.
• Jawless fish include lampreys and hagfish. (lamprey - youtube)
This group is distinguished by tube-shaped bodies and jawless mouths.
• Cartilaginous fish include sharks, rays, and skates.
They are distinguished by skeletons that are made of cartilage.
• Bony fish make up the largest group of fish.
Most bony fish are covered with scales.
4. Most young fish develop inside an egg.
Female fish release eggs into the water where they are fertilized by sperm.
Fish eggs get water and oxygen directly from the water.
The eggs have a yolk that provides nutrients.
Wrap Up
1. List TWO adaptations fish have that help them
survive in their environment.
2. What are the THREE groups of fish?
3. Which group does a lamprey belong to?
Chapter 13.2
Amphibians and reptiles are adapted for life on land.
1. Vertebrates adapted to live on land.
The first vertebrates to live on land were amphibians, followed by reptiles.
Some of the organisms in Earth’s ancient seas developed limbs and lungs
and made the move to land.
2. Amphibians have moist skin and lay eggs without shells.
• All amphibians share certain characteristics.
a. they have two pairs of legs
b. they lay their eggs in water
c. they obtain oxygen through their skin and as adults through lungs.
• The amphibian life cycle includes a larval stage.
DRAW a wood frog at each stage of its life cycle. See text p. 438
1. Adult female
frog lays eggs.
2. Some eggs hatch
into tadpoles.
3. Tadpoles develop
lungs and limbs.
The tails shrink.
4. Tadpoles climb
out of the water
to live on land.
5. Adult tadpoles
spend their life on
land.
start here
DRAW a wood frog
at each stage of its
life cycle.
p. 438 in
home textbook
3. Reptiles have dry, scaly skin and lay eggs with shells.
• Most reptiles have:
a. two pairs of legs
b. breathe through lungs
c. lay eggs with shells on land.
Dry, scaly skin protects the reptile from predators and the environment.
• The reptilian egg is an adaptation that allows vertebrates to live completely on land.
The egg has a shell to protect the embryo and a yolk to provide it with nutrients.
4. The body temperatures of amphibians and reptiles change with the
environment.
Amphibians and reptiles are ectotherms
- their body temperatures change with the temperature of the environment in which
they live.
Why is this sand-diving lizard
standing on only two feet?
This sand-diving lizard can reduce
the amount of heat that transfers from
the sand into its body by standing on two feet.
On p. 40 of your ISN:
1.Read “Fantastic Frogs” article in National Geographic
Extreme Explorer magazine pp. 3-9
2.Describe OR Draw/Label an adaptation that
one of these frogs has that can help it survive in its
environment.
3.Answer the following using complete sentences:
A) What is a sentinel species?
B) As a sentinel species, how do frogs help?
Describe an example from the article.
Amphibians
BOTH
Reptiles
Chapter 13.3
Birds meet their needs on land, in water, and in the air.
1. Bird species live in most environments.
Bird species inhabit all environments.
Birds are characterized by feathers, a beak, a pair of legs, and a pair of wings.
2. Birds can maintain body temperature.
Birds are endotherms—animals that maintain a
constant body temperature.
Down feathers - insulate bird bodies against cold
Contour feathers – flight feathers, water-resistant
3. Most birds can fly.
• A bird’s body has external and internal structures that are adapted for flight.
• Some bones of the endoskeleton are fused, or connected without joints.
This makes the body strong and light.
The bones of the legs and wings are hollow.
• Contour feathers are adapted for flight.
• The respiratory system contains air sacs, which allow more oxygen in.
• Instead of teeth, birds have a beak.
• Birds have an internal organ called a gizzard to grind food.
• Many birds migrate to warmer climates in cold winter seasons.
4. Birds lay eggs with hard shells.
Fertilization occurs internally.
Hard shells allow the parent bird to incubate the eggs by sitting on top of them.
5. Most birds take care of their offspring.
In some bird species, both parents provide the
young hatchlings with food, warmth, and protection.
Compare and contrast birds and reptiles
birds
both
reptiles
Compare and contrast birds and reptiles
birds
wings
feathers
endothermic
both
vertebrates
Lungs
hard-shelled
eggs
reptiles
usually have
4 legs
dry, scaly skin
ectothermic
Chapter 13.4
Mammals live in many environments.
1. Mammals are a diverse group.
Mammals have characteristics that distinguish them, including:
• All mammals have hair for some part of their lives.
• Mammals have specialized teeth.
• Mammals produce milk to feed their young.
2. Mammals are endotherms.
• Hair allows mammals to keep warm or to protect them from extreme heat.
Some hair is specialized, such as whiskers for sensing and quills for protection.
• Mammals have a layer of body fat for maintaining body temperature.
The body fat also stores energy for future use.
3. Mammals have adapted to many environments.
Some mammals, such as whales and dolphins, have adaptations
that allow them to live in water.
These adaptations include blowholes, flippers, tail flukes, and blubber.
Other mammals, such as otters, monkeys, and moles, have adapted to
completely different environments.
4. Mammals have reproductive adaptations.
• In most mammals, development of young takes place using the placenta,
a special organ that transports nutrients, water, and oxygen from the mother’s blood
to the growing embryo.
• Some mammals, such as the duck-billed platypus, lay eggs.
Add to your notes:
umbilical cord - large tube that connects the mother’s circulatory system
to the growing embryo
Where on your body
was your umbilical cord
connected?
bellybutton
Marsupials are pouched mammals in which the young complete their
gestation inside the mother’s external pouch.
Mammary glands in females produce milk,
allowing mammals to feed their young.
Koalas are marsupials.
Where is the koala?
LIST marine animals that belong in each column:
Breathe with gills
Breathe with lungs
LIST marine animals that belong in each column:
Breathe with gills
tuna
sharks
rays
sunfish
sailfish
mackerel
Breathe with lungs
sea turtle
seals
whales
dolphins
sea gulls
“Odd Duck” - Current Science magazine (March 18, 2005)
Platypus:
Ornithorhynchus anatinus
Complete the following:
1. What is a monotreme?___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. What adaptations does the platypus have that help it survive in its environment?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Use the table below to answer the following:
What characteristics does the platypus have similar to each of the groups listed?
mammal
- endothermic
- fur
-
bird
reptile
Which insect goes through
SIMPLE metamorphosis?
a. tick
b. housefly
c. butterfly
d. grasshopper
Which is NOT a bird?
a. sparrow
b. bat
c. penguin
d. ostrich
sparrow
Which insect goes through
SIMPLE metamorphosis?
a. tick
b. housefly
c. butterfly
d. grasshopper
Which is NOT a bird?
a. sparrow
b. bat
c. penguin
d. ostrich
Which insect goes through
SIMPLE metamorphosis?
a. tick
b. housefly
c. butterfly
d. grasshopper
Which is NOT a bird?
a. sparrow
b. bat
c. penguin
d. ostrich
Blue Planet – Open Ocean DVD
What adaptations and behaviors do animals
living in the open ocean have that help them survive
In this “marine desert”?
Take notes and sketch drawings
to help answer this question