Transcript Respiratory System

The Respiratory System
Chapter 18
Pollution. What is it?
1st and Last
Image
• What is it?
• What causes it?
• How does it effect us?
Air
pollution
in London
• What body systems does it effect?
Air Pollution has direct links to:
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Cancer
Birth defects
Genetic Mutations
Asthma complications: ER visits,
Higher number of cases
• Pollution related premature deaths due
to breathing difficulties.
Problems with Air Pollution
• Decrease in the Ozone layer
– Cataracts: clouding of the eyes
– Skin cancer
– Lung burn
• Increase in Global Warming
– More CO2 in the ocean
– PH of Ocean increasing= species death.
• In order to see how air pollution
effects the human body we need
to take a closer look at the main
system effected: the respiratory
system. How it works, and what
can go wrong.
General Overview of the
Respiratory system.
• General Function:
– Take air from outside the body and bring
it into the lungs.
O2 in
– Filters
The lungs
– Exchanges CO2 and O2
– Removes CO2 from the body
What is Respiration?
• The general process of taking air from
the outside and bringing it to the body
cells
• Used for cellular respiration in the
mitochondria- to make ATP
How can pollution effect the
lungs?
• Watch, take notes and see!
Pollution
in the lungs
Review: How does Air get into the
lungs and then to the body?
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The Organs of the Respiratory
System
• Nose
– Made of cartilage, anchored by bone and
cartilage.- never stops growing.
– Nostrils- opening which lets air through.
Problem: Deviated Septum: Crooked nostrils
– Nostrils have hair- filters or prevents large
items from entering any further.
Pharynx
• Located dorsal to the Nasal Cavity but superior to
the Larynx.
• Fork in the road. Shoots food down towards the
esophagus (digestive system) and shoots air down
to the trachea.
• Intubation- When a patient can’t breath, and is
unconscious, an endotracheal tube is inserted.
Physicians must visualize the pharynx and
intubate towards the larynx and lungs not down
the esophagus.
Intubation Clips
The pharynx as a common
pathway for food and air.
The Larynx
• Enlarged area atop the trachea.
• Made of muscle and cartilage which is bound
together by elastic tissue.
• Contains the vocal cords.
• Sound is produced when air squeezes between the
vocal cords, causes vibrations, causing sound
waves. Words are formed when the shape of the
larynx and oral cavity is changed by moving your
lips and tongue.
Normal vocal chords to the left.
Smokers vocal chords to right.
Cilia – tiny hairs
Trapped particles
- dust, pollen,
pollution
The Trachea
• AKA the Windpipe
• Flexible 2.5 cm diameter tube. Starts from
below the larynx continuing downward until
it splits into 2 bronchi.
• Inner walls contain ciliated mucous
membranes which trap particles. The
trapped particles are pushed up into the
pharynx for removal (cough)
The cilia sweep the mucous trapped
particles to the nose.
• .
More on the Trachea
• Made of C-shaped pieces of cartilage.
• When food enters the esophagus, it pushes
against the trachea- the soft tissue allows it
to collapse, and the C-shaped pieces of
cartilage provide enough support to prevent
the trachea from collapsing.
• Try swallowing and taking a breath at the
same time. Why is this difficult?
The Bronchial Tree
• From the trachea to the left and right lung.
• The trachea branches into the Right and
Left Primary bronchus.
• Then branches into secondary and finally
tertiary bronchi ultimately leading to the
bronchiole and the Alveoli.
• Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries
(where gas exchange takes place).
Review Quiz
Are you ready?
How do you Breathe?
• Inspiration: Diaphragm and external
intercostals contract, the size of the thoracic
cavity increases. Internal pressure= 758
• Expiration: Diaphragm and external
intercostals relax, the size of the thoracic
cavity decreases. Internal pressure= 762.
• ATM: Atmospheric Pressure= 760
Lung
Sounds
CPR
Video
Pons and Medulla control center
of breathing. Location: Brain
Stem
• .
Read: pg. 400-401
• What is “The bends”?
• What is Nitrogen narcosis?
• Why can scuba diving be
dangerous?
• How can you minimize these
dangers?
Diseases
Take Notes of:
Symptoms
Observations
Treatments
Prognosis
Asthma: coughed up mucous plug
Better
Asthma
Link
Emphysema:
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Enlarged
bubble-like air
sacks.
Emphysema: Normal (L), Diseased (R)
Carbon spots from pollution.
If you want to feel what its like to have emphysema, try taking a
deep breath and hold it. Without letting out any air, take another
deep breath. Hold that one too. One more time, take one more
breath. Okay let it all out.
That second or third breath is what it feels like to breathe when you
have advanced emphysema. Emphysema is a disease where you
cannot exhale air. Everyone thinks that it is a disease where you
cannot inhale but in fact it is the opposite. When you smoke you
destroy the lungs elasticity by destroying the tissue that pulls your
lung back together after using muscles that allow us to inhale air.
So when it comes time to take your next breath it is that much more
difficult, for your lungs could not get back to their original shape.
Imagine to live struggling each breath like those last two breaths.
Unfortunately, millions of people don't have to imagine it, they live
it daily. It is a truly miserable way to live and a slow painful way to
die.
Tuberculosis: TB/ Consumption
Contagious, Airborne bacteria. Lives about 5 min. Antibiotics
can cure. Causes lungs to bleed, drown in your own blood.
Compare a healthy lung (L) to a
cancerous lung (R)
Carbon spots from pollution.
Oat Cell Carcinoma: no surgical
cure, infiltrates, less 5% survival .
Asbestos: Microscopic image in lung,
body coats it with Ca+ and Fe+
Notice the build up of scar
tissue in the lower lung and
the cancerous mass.
No cure. Treatment is
prevention of respiratory
illness and careful
examination by X-ray for
cancer. Oxygen therapy
helps as lungs loose
elasticity.
How has pollution influenced the
previous diseases?
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Asthma
Pollution
Emphysema
in the lungs
Carcinoma
Asbestos
TB (transferable in crowded areas, but not
associated with pollutions.)
• What can you do if you are inflicted and live in a
polluted area. Monitor the AQI: Air quality
index.
What can be done?
• * Replacement of the internal combustion
engine
• * Elimination of the use of fossil fuels
• * The Kyoto Protocol or Kyoto Treaty
• * City planning and mass transit.
• * Reduced emissions from industry and
auto.