Transcript The Respiratory System

The Respiratory System
Chapter 11 Unit 7
The Respiratory System
• In the environment, oxygen(O2) is provided continuously by plants on land
and in the sea
• Plants use sun, water and carbon dioxide(CO2) to make oxygen, which
they release into the air
• Humans breath oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide
• This cycle provides the means for supporting life
• Oxygen in the air is essential to the survival of living cells
• An adult human being carries 2 quarts of oxygen in the blood, lungs, and
the tissues
• The respiratory system is responsible for taking in air, removing the
oxygen, and sending it through the blood to the cells and the body
• The respiratory system must also take from the blood the waste product
carbon dioxide(Co2) and exhaust it from the lungs
• This function is so vital to life that it’s interruption for just a few minutes
will result in death
• It only takes 4 to 6 minutes to cause brain damage after oxygen intake
ceases
• Internal exchange- is the exchange of gases within the cells of all the
body organs and tissue
The Pathway Of Oxygen
The Nose
• Air enters the body
through the nose and
mouth
• Here the air is filtered,
warmed, and
moistened by the
structures within the
nasal cavity
• The nose is divided by a
wall called the septum
The Pathway Of Oxygen
The Nose
• Just inside the nostrils are hairs called, cilia
• Cilia traps particles in the air so that they do not enter the
lungs
• The mucus from the lining also helps trap dust and bacteria
• When irritating substances come in contact with the lining,
mucous increases and sneezing occurs and the nose “runs.”
• Smoking paralyses and destroys the cilia and mucous
secretions
The Pharynx, Larynx, And
Epiglottis
• After the air is filtered,
warmed, and moistened
in the nose, it enters the
pharynx
• The pharynx serves as a
passage for both air and
food
• Except for an occasional
mistake, it is not possible
to swallow food and
breath at the same time
this is choking and can be
serious
The Pharynx, Larynx, And Epiglottis
• Normally when food is swallowed, a cartilage
“lid” called the epiglottis is pushed by the
base of the tongue to cover the opening into
the larynx
• With the opening to the larynx
covered by the epiglottis,
food is directed down the
esophagus into the stomach
The Pharynx, Larynx, And Epiglottis
• When air passes under the
open epiglottis, it enters the
larynx(known as the voice
box)
• The larynx is a tube with
nine separate cartilages to
maintain its opening
• The thyroid cartilage is the
largest in the larynx and
known as the Adam’s apple
• The larynx is lined with
mucous membrane, which
also forms two folds called
the vocal cords
The Pharynx, Larynx, And Epiglottis
• Part of the mucous
membrane lining of the
larynx is loosely attached
• With a severe infection, it
may become swollen
• In an emergency
situation, an airway may
be achieved by intubation
• This is passing a tube
through the mouth and
larynx into the trachea
The Pharynx, Larynx, And Epiglottis
• Another emergency
situation with swelling
of the larynx is a called
a tracheotomy
• This is done by making
an external opening
into the trachea, and
inserting a tube to
permit air to enter
The Trachea, Bronchi, And Bronchioles
• The next passage way for air is the trachea
• This is commonly called the windpipe and
extends from the neck into the chest, directly
in front of the esophagus
The Trachea, Bronchi, And Bronchioles
• About the middle of the sternum, the trachea
divides into two sections called the right and
left bronchi
The Trachea, Bronchi, And Bronchioles
• Each bronchus divides
and subdivides into many
increasingly smaller
bronchi, each with the
cartilage –ring structure,
until they are barley
visible without a
microscope
• These tiny air
passageways have walls
of muscle cells and are
called bronchioles
The Alveoli
• Each bronchiole ends in a
grape cluster of microscopic
air sacs called alveoli
• The body contains about
500 million alveoli
• The walls of the alveoli are
only one cell thick and are
surrounded by blood
vessels and capillaries
• Alveoli are the very small air
sacs that are the destination
of air breathed in
Review Pathway Of The Respiratory
System
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1.Nose and Mouth
-Air in and out
2. Pharynx
-Passageway for food and air
3. Epiglottis
-A small flap of tissue(opens or
closes)
4. Larynx
-Voice box
5. Trachea
-Windpipe
6. Bronchi
-Divides into left and right air tubes
7. Bronchioles
-Divides in even smaller tubes
8. Alveoli
In tiny air sacs
Then back out.
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Remember the epiglottis open when
we eat so food goes to the esophagus
not into our lungs
FYI- when referring to the bronchial
tree this includes the following
interacting structures.
Bronchioles
Bronchi
Alveoli
Respiration
• On inspiration, air enters
the body, eventually
arriving in an alveolus,
here oxygen passes
through the wall of the
alveolus into the
surrounding capillary as
carbon dioxide exits from
the bronchial tree and is
exhaled from the body
• Respiration is considered
to be one inhalation and
one expiration
The Lungs And The Pleura
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The lung is divided into a right and left lung
The right lung has three lobes, upper, middle, and lower
The left lung has two lobes, upper and lower
The heart lies on the medial surface of the left lung
The Lungs And The Pleura
• The structures of the
bronchial tree are contained
in an organ known as the
lung
• The tissue of the lung is
filled with alveoli, if placed
in water it will float
• Prior to birth the lung is
solid and will sink
• At birth the lung begin to fill
with air, inflating the alveoli
• The degree of inflation
depends on the presence of
surfactant, a fatty molecule
on the respiratory
membrane
The Lungs And The Pleura
• Each lung with its blood
vessels and nerves is
enclosed in a
membrane called the
pleura
• It contains a lubricating
fluid to prevent friction
as the membranes rub
together during
respiration
The Muscles Of Breathing
• The diaphragm is the
principle breathing
muscle , and when it
contracts , it produces a
vacuum within the
thoracic cavity, causing
air to be drawn in
• Breathing is controlled by
the respiratory center in
the brain
• An increase of CO2 or
decrease of O2 will
trigger this center
The Muscles Of Breathing
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Other situations can alter a breathing
pattern for perfectly normal reasons
such as:
Coughing- when a deep breath is
taken followed by a forceful
exhalation from the mouth to clear
something from the lower respiratory
structures
Coughing usually means there is
something in the respiratory
passages that should not be there
Coughing is a normal reaction to
irritants in your respiratory system.
Coughing forcefully expels foreign
bodies, mucus and other irritants,
such as pollution, from your throat
and clears them from your airway
It could also be a sign that an
infection in the lungs is making the
respiratory passages produce
phlegm.
The Muscles Of Breathing
• Other situations can alter a
breathing pattern for perfectly
normal reasons such as:
• Hiccups- caused by a spasm of
the diaphragm and a closure
of the glottis(space between
the vocal cords)
• It is believed to be the result
of an irritation on the
diaphragm
• Sneezing- usually results from
mucous membrane contact
with an irritant
• Yawning- a deep prolonged
breath the fills the lungs
• Crying or laughing- alters the
breathing pattern in response
to emotions
Diagnostic Examinations
• Bronchoscopy- is a test
to view the airways and
bronchial tree to
diagnose lung disease
• It may also
be used during
the treatment of some
lung conditions or to
remove a foreign
object(s)
Diagnostic Examinations
• Arterial blood gases: this is
blood taken from an artery
to evaluate the exchange of
O2 and CO2 in the lungs
• This indicates how much
oxygen the lungs are
delivering to the blood
• This aids in the diagnosis of
drugs or injury, pneumonia,
COPD, respiratory distress,
and certain kidney diseases
Diagnostic
Examinations
• Chest CT- detailed
computer generated
image of the lungs and
the structure(more
detailed than an x-ray)
• PET Scan(position
emission tomography
scan)- determination of
lung cancer, metastasis
into lungs, bone, or
abdominal area
Diagnostic Examinations
• Pulmonary functions teststhis is to measure lung
volume in a normal breath,
lung capacity when forcing
air in and out of the lungs
• Most offices use a
spirometer to measure this
• The tests can diagnose lung
diseases, measure the
severity of lung problems,
and check to see how well
treatment for a lung disease
is working.
Diagnostic Examinations
• Sputum analysis- a
laboratory test of material
coughed up from the
bronchial tree or trachea
• This can aid in the diagnosis
of infectious organisms or
cancer cells
• This is new clinical tool in
the diagnosis and
management of obstructive
airway diseases such as
asthma, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, and
other disorders
Disease And Disorders
• Allergic Rhinitis- a
reaction to airborne
allergens causing
sneezing, watery nasal
discharge, and
congestion
• Antihistamines or
topical nasal steroids is
a treatment for this
Disease And Disorders
• Asthma- a chronic disorder
characterized by swelling,
inflammation, and
constriction of the bronchi
and bronchioles, indication
of wheezing
• The goals of asthma is to
prevent or reduce
symptoms, maintain normal
activity levels, and to
prevent flare ups
Disease And Disorders
• Bronchitis- this can be an acute
or chronic disease with
inflammation of the bronchial
walls with narrowing of the
airways
• Signs- coughing yellowish, or
green mucous
• Acute bronchitis is usually caused
by viral infections and antibiotics
are almost never needed
• Chronic bronchitis is a chronic
inflammatory condition in the
lungs that causes the respiratory
passages to be swollen and
irritated, increases the mucus
production and damages the
lungs
• Leads to COPD
Disease And Disorders
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease(COPD)- this is a condition
characterized by chronic obstruction
of the airways
This is one of the most common lung
diseases
It makes it difficult to breathe There
are two main forms of COPD:
Chronic bronchitis, which involves a
long-term cough with mucus(page
428)
Emphysema, which involves
destruction of the lungs over time
This is a decrease in the total
number of alveoli, the enlargement
of the remaining alveoli, and the
progressive destruction of their walls
(page 429)
Antibiotics are prescribed during
symptom flare-ups, because
infections can make COPD worse.
You may need oxygen therapy at
home if you have a low level of
oxygen in your blood
Disease And Disorders
• Epistaxis(nosebleed)- is
the loss of blood through
the nose
• This may be caused by an
injury, nose-picking,
foreign object, capillary
congestion, blood
disorders, hypertension,
or leukemia
• Treatment depends on
the cause and severity
Disease And Disorders
• Pneumonia- this is an acute
infection of the principle
tissues of the lungs, which
may impair the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide
• This can be viral(usually
influenza), bacterial(caused by
streptococcus pneumoniae),
or fungal or
aspiration(inhalation of
spores)
• This condition is a serious
infection or inflammation of
the lungs in which the smallest
bronchioles and alveoli fill
with pus and other liquid
Chest x-rays
• Normal chest x-ray
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• Aspiration pneumonia
Pneumonia
Disease And Disorders
• Pneumothorax- this is an
accumulation of the air or gas in
the pleural causing the lung to
collapse
• This buildup of air puts pressure
on the lung, so it cannot expand
as much as it normally does when
you take a breath
• Patients have sharp chest pain
made worse by a deep breath or
a cough and shortness of breath
Pneumothorax
• Pneumothorax(collapsed lung) may also occur
following an injury to the chest wall such as a
fractured rib, any penetrating injury (gun shot
or stabbing), surgical invasion of the chest
• A pneumothorax can also develop as a result
of underlying lung diseases, including cystic
fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), lung cancer, asthma, and
infections of the lungs.
Disease And Disorders
• Pleurisy- is
inflammation of the
lining of the lungs and
chest (the pleura) that
leads to chest pain
(usually sharp) when
you take a breath or
cough
• Due to infections such
as pneumonia
or tuberculosis
Disease And Disorders
• Pleural Effusion(don’t
confuse with
pneumothorax)- this is
the presence of excess
fluid in the plural space
• Congestive heart failure
is the most common
cause
• CHF causes fluid leaks
from blood vessels into
the pleural space.
Disease And Disorders
• Pulmonary EdemaCondition that is characterized by
the accumulation of fluid on the
lungs
• Caused by lung damage caused
by poisonous gas or severe
infection, certain medications,
major injury, kidney failure,
exercising at very high altitudes,
or heart failure
• Pulmonary edema is most always
treated in the emergency room or
hospital intensive care unit (ICU).
• Oxygen is given, a breathing tube
may be placed into the windpipe
(trachea), or ventilator may be
needed.
Disease And Disorders
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome(SIDS)- this is a mysterious condition that
kills apparently healthy infants
• The cause of SIDS is unknown
• Many doctors and researchers now believe that SIDS is caused by several
different factors, including:
• Problems with the baby's ability to wake up (sleep arousal)
• Inability for the baby's body to detect a build-up of carbon dioxide in the
blood
• The following have been linked to a baby's increased risk of SIDS:
• Sleeping on the stomach
• Being around cigarette smoke while in the womb or after being born
• Sleeping in the same bed as their parents (co-sleeping)
• Soft bedding in the crib
• Multiple birth babies (being a twin, triplet, etc.)
• Premature birth
• Having a brother or sister who had SIDS
• Mothers who smoke or use illegal drugs
• Short time period between pregnancies
• Late or no prenatal care
• Living in poverty situations
Disease And Disorders
• Tuberculosis(TB)- is a
contagious bacterial
infection that involves the
lungs, but may spread to
other organs
• This is communicable
disease is characterized
by nodular lesions and
patchy infiltration of lung
tissue, fatigue, weakness,
loss of appetite, weight
loss and night sweats
• You can get TB by
breathing in air droplets
from a cough or sneeze of
an infected person.
Review
• Bronchitis- is inflammation of the main air passages(trachea and
bronchi) to the lungs
• Emphysema- the progressive loss of lung function due to a
decrease in the total number of alveoli, the enlargement of the
remaining alveoli, and the progressive destruction of their walls
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD)- group of lung
diseases(emphysema and chronic bronchitis)that block airflow as
you (no cure, lungs are damaged)
• Pneumonia- serious infection or inflammation of the lungs in which
the smallest bronchioles and alveoli fill with pus and other liquid
• Pneumothorax- this is an accumulation of the air or gas in the
pleural causing the lung to collapse
• Pleurisy- is inflammation of the lining of the lungs and chest (the
pleura) that leads to chest pain (usually sharp) when you take a
breath or cough
• Pleural Effusion- this is the presence of excess fluid in the plural
space
• Pulmonary Edema- condition that is characterized by the
accumulation of fluid on the lungs