Transcript Document

Module A2: Upper
Airway Anatomy &
Physiology
Objectives
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Classify epithelial tissue based on cell type and
tissue layers.
Identify location of tissue epithelium in the
respiratory system.
Describe the major structures and functions of the
upper and lower airways.
Contrast and compare mouth and nose breathing.
Explain how placing an endotracheal tube in the
airway will affect the humidification and filtering
process.
The lung is for gas exchange.
John B. West
Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials
Function of the Lungs/Heart
 Provide
Ventilation
 Provide Respiration
 Exchange
of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen
 Humidify
and Protect
 Pump oxygen to vital organs
 Cellular
metabolism
Failure of the Lungs/Heart
 Hypoxemia
 Decreased
 Hypoxia
– low oxygen level in the blood
PaO2
- low oxygen level at the tissue
level
 Decreased
oxygen at the cellular level can
cause death of the tissue
 Presence of anaerobic respiration
Ventilation
 Brain
 Muscles
 Lungs
 Inability
of the lungs to
remove carbon dioxide
leads to hypercarbia,
which is an elevated
amount of carbon
dioxide in the blood
stream (PaCO2)
ARTIFICIAL AIRWAYS
INTUBATION
ARTIFICIAL AIRWAYS
Tracheotomy with
tracheostomy tube:
1 - Vocal cords
2 - Thyroid cartilage
3 - Cricoid cartilage
4 - Tracheal cartilages
5 - Balloon cuff
INTUBATION
Intubation – Insertion of an
Endotracheal Tube
Extubation – Removal of the
Endotracheal Tube
Anatomy of the Respiratory
System
Tissue Epithelium
 Upper Airway
 Lower Airway
 Site of Gas
Exchange
 Pulmonary Vascular
System

Neural Control
 Lungs
 Mediastinum
 Thorax
 Muscles of
Ventilation

Four Tissue Types
 Epithelial
Tissue
 Connective Tissue
 Bone,
Cartilage, Blood, Fibrous
 Muscle
Tissue
 Nervous Tissue
 Neurons
conduct electrical impulses
Epithelial Tissue
 Epithelium
 Covers
and protects the body surface
 Lines body cavities
 Forms many glands
 Specializes in moving substances into and
out of the blood
Epithelial Cell Type
 Squamous
Cells
 Cuboidal Cells
 Columnar Cells
HISTOLOGY 101
• Lots of Surface Area
• aka Pavement, Sunnyside up egg
• Great for Diffusion of
Gases
• Lots of Volume
• Height is 2x Width
• Volume = Cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm means
metabolism
• Usually associated with
secretion or absorption
of material
• Less diffusion
• Very little diffusion
Classification of Epithelium
by Layers
 Simple
Epithelium – Single Layer
 Simple
squamous
 Simple cuboidal
 Simple columnar
Epithelium – Multiple Layers
 Pseudostratified – Single Layer but
appears stratified
 Stratified
 Pseudo
means “false”
•Goblet Cells
•Nose to Large
Bronchioles
•Secrete mucus
Stratified Squamous
Epithelium
 Associated
with PROTECTION
 Anterior portion of nasal cavity
 Oral cavity
 Oropharynx
 Laryngopharynx
Pseudostratified Columnar
Epithelium
 SECRETION
OF
AND SWEEPING OF
MUCUS
 Posterior 2/3 of nose
 Tracheobronchial tree
 Function of cilia
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
 PRIMARY
FUNCTION IS SECRETION,
FILTRATION & ABSORPTION
 Bronchioles
 Clara Cells
cells that secrete “surfaceactive agents” which prevent collapse.
 Non-ciliated
 Simple
Cuboidal also found in alveoli
(Type II cells that secrete surfactant)
Simple Squamous
Epithelium
FUNCTION – GAS
EXCHANGE
 Alveoli (Type I pneumocytes)
 Pulmonary capillaries
 PRIMARY
Upper Airway
 Anatomy
 Nose
 Oral
Cavity
 Pharynx
 Throat
Upper Airway
 Function
of the Upper Airway
 Conduct
Air
 To prevent foreign materials from entering
the lower airway
 Smell/Speech
Nose
 Function
 Heat,
Humidify and Filter the incoming gas
 Smell
 Speech
Anatomy of the Nose
 Bone
and Cartilage
 Partition in the nose is called the nasal septum
 Air enters through the nostrils or nares
 Two nasal passages are called choanae
 Vibrissae filter the incoming gas
 Whiskers
 First
1/3 is stratified squamous epithelium (PROTECTION)
 Posterior 2/3 is pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium (MUCUS SECRETION)
Anatomy of the Nose
 Mucous
secreting glands are found in
the posterior 2/3 of nose
 Bony Protrusions on the lateral wall are
called nasal turbinates or conchae
 Separate
incoming gas into turbulent
airstreams – more contact
 Extensive
 Constrict
capillary network
or dilate to change blood flow
Nasal Conchae
Deviated Septum
 The
nasal septum
can be deviated to
the right or left
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More often to the
left
Rhinitis: Inflammation of
the nasal membrane
20% of
Population
$5.3 Billion/Year
Physiology of the Nose
can filter particles down to 5 m
(microns) in diameter
 Two factors which decrease the
humidification and filtering ability of the
nose is:
 Nose
 Mouth
Breathing
 Placement of an ET (endotracheal) tube
Paranasal Sinuses
 Empty
air spaces found in the bones of
the skull; Paired
 Frontal
 Ethmoid
 Sphenoid
 Maxillary
 They
contain mucous secreting goblet
cells which drain into the nasal cavity
Nose and Nasal Cavities
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
 Roof
of the mouth is formed by the hard
and soft palate
– Bony portion
 Soft – Fleshy portion
 Hard
 Uvula
is the soft fleshy structure
 Epithelium is stratified squamous
epithelium which is non-ciliated.
 Palatine (faucial) tonsils are located on
each side of the oral cavity.
TONSILS
Pharynx - Throat
 Nasopharynx
 Oropharynx
 Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
 Located
posterior to nasal
cavity
 Pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium
 Includes pharyngeal tonsils or
adenoids
 Eustachian Tubes (auditory
tubes)
 Connects
the middle ear and
nasopharynx
 Middle ear infection is called
otitis media

Complication of ET tubes
Oropharynx
 Lies
behind the
oral cavity
 Lingual tonsils lie
at the root of the
tongue
 Statified
squamous
epithelium
Laryngopharynx
 Lies
between the base of
the tongue and the
entrance to the esophagus
 Lies posterior to the
epiglottis
 Stratified squamous
epithelium
 aka Hypopharynx